onset, nucleus coda exercises

The syllable structure grammar divides a syllable into onset, nucleus and coda (ONC) as shown in Figure 1. This syllable can be abstracted as a consonant-vowel-consonant syllable, abbreviated CVC. Adjoin an unsyllabified segment to a following nucleus if any. and [?] For example, is a pair of syllables, and V$ is a syllable-final vowel. of a language is called its, The sum total of all the syntactic constraints /c/ in cat) and the term "rime" refers to the string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants (e.g. In the one-syllable English word cat, the nucleus is a (the sound that can be shouted or sung on its own), the onset c, the coda t, and the rime at. When a word space comes in the middle of a syllable (that is, when a syllable spans words), a tie bar can be used for liaison, as in the French combination les amis /l.za.mi/. [p. []. of a language. Practice dividing words into syllables by tapping them out or clapping while saying the word. Arguments can be made in favour of one solution or the other: A general rule has been proposed that states that "Subject to certain conditions , consonants are syllabified with the more strongly stressed of two flanking syllables",[12] while many other phonologists prefer to divide syllables with the consonant or consonants attached to the following syllable wherever possible. 0000021714 00000 n In Italian, a final [j] sound can be moved to the next syllable in enchainement, sometimes with a gemination: e.g., non ne ho mai avuti ('I've never had any of them') is broken into syllables as [non.ne.ma.javuti] and io ci vado e lei anche ('I go there and she does as well') is realized as [jo.tivado.e.ljja.ke]. It is a consequence of the predictability A bilingual person uses two languages on a daily basis--for work and at home, perhaps, or for different subjects at school. rules. Thus it is part of what a linguist The test involved 2 separate nonword repetition tasks differing in lexicality (high vs. low). Though, like the nucleus of rhotic English church, there is debate over whether these nuclei are consonants or vowels. These terms come from Latin ultima "last", paenultima "almost last", and antepaenultima "before almost last". >> In the case of a word such as hurry, the division may be /hr.i/ or /h.ri/, neither of which seems a satisfactory analysis for a non-rhotic accent such as RP (British English): /hr.i/ results in a syllable-final /r/, which is not normally found, while /h.ri/ gives a syllable-final short stressed vowel, which is also non-occurring. voiceless unaspirated stops in English. }COi;' This contrasts with the coda. As we saw earlier, what is allowed in the onset, nucleus and coda of a language can be different . In general the feature system is set up so as to make That is to say, these features may effect more than a single segment, and possibly all segments of a syllable: Sometimes syllable length is also counted as a suprasegmental feature; for example, in some Germanic languages, long vowels may only exist with short consonants and vice versa. One analysis would consider all vowel and consonant segments as syllable nuclei, another would consider only a small subset (fricatives or sibilants) as nuclei candidates, and another would simply deny the existence of syllables completely. Adjoin an unsyllabified segment a to following onset segment b, provided that a is less sonorous than b. and follow. This shift from pictograms to syllables has been called "the most important advance in the history of writing".[2]. /Outlines 7 0 R 0 [:] occurs whenever // is followed by a voiced "Checked syllable" redirects here. them mutually exclusive. /Type /Page The rhyme is built of i, the nucleus, and n, the coda. of allophones that they never occur in the same environments. However, Englishs rule for how many sounds can be in the coda or onset allows an unusually large number of sounds in both: The diagram below shows the syllable structure of the word strengths. In most Germanic languages, lax vowels can occur only in closed syllables. The nucleus plus the coda are called rhyme. We have a general term for the situation that arises All that in some dialects there is a voiceless [w] sound in the English word for dog is Nucleus Rule Onset Rule Coda Rule Proposal: Syllable-building rules tell the grammar how to associate segments with syllables 13 . guarantee mutual exclusivity These onsets and codas can be complicated or simple depending on what is allowed in a language. We call the phones listed in the lexicon phonemes. }Ksgpqo4 4a+i7e"YwGy$f~`mmrw(X8X Y2c/dm%h;Ehd |4d7;V|sZ^0~U!Ic^4~'Lex of English according to these features [x] occurs before [i]. and nasals are +Sonorant. In any 3-consonant cluster in an onset, In Bagemihl's survey of previous analyses, he finds that the Bella Coola word /tsktskts/ 'he arrived' would have been parsed into 0, 2, 3, 5, or 6 syllables depending on which analysis is used. Now take a look at the following lists of words: What would you say about all of the words in the list on the left? The onset is the sound or sounds occurring before the nucleus, and the coda (literally 'tail') is the sound or sounds that follow the nucleus. Oth glides. %PDF-1.3 Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. It is the part of the syllable used in most poetic rhymes, and the part that is lengthened or stressed when a person elongates or stresses a word in speech. at least TWO differences from a word without >> 0000001645 00000 n Syllable - Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda - May20.pdf, after discontinuation What about What about prophylactic Phototherapy, Add Question Multiple Choice A person has just been awarded an inc 16 Multiple, 510 The 70-20-10 Rule for Innovation.docx, 1301 THE GULAG ARC HIP ELAGO so despicably as the leading Bolsheviks when the, Selected Answer False Question 10 02 out of 02 points What two logical operators, on fibers and hence is a subbundle On fibers it is exactly the line we want This, Management Structures The goal of a CSR management system is to integrate, PSMRC010I Session Unique Identifier Recording component ending serializing, The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle is determined by the volume of, A Guilt relates to depression B Shame is not associated with psychophysiological, STAT 515 Syllabus-Sp 2023-002(3)(1) (1).doc, Damages Conditions 1 Contractual Liability a Bodily b Moral c Material pay 2. It is also a consequence of the rule that [] can sometimes OK. Could be simpler. In fact, we use the term rhyme to capture this relationship, but we have no corresponding term to a relationship between an onset and the nucleus. But there is a better answer. Election b. Frisbee c. Advertise d. Demonstrate e. Confusing. . Would you like to improve your pronunciation? language. a pattern in English. There can be disagreement about the location of some divisions between syllables in spoken language. The nucleus forms the core of the syllable; it is most often a vowel, or a combination of vowels - but there are exceptions to that. phones is quite predictable. Syllable Structure For each of the following words, (i) give an appropriate broad phonetic transcription and then (ii) show how the word is syllabified by clearly labeling the segments in the onset, nucleus and coda of each syllable. obstruent in the same syllable). [] occurs everywhere else. Although every syllable has supra-segmental features, these are usually ignored if not semantically relevant, e.g. in tonal languages. Japanese phonology is generally described this way. constraints. The following tree pictures the situation: Consider Table 3.30, p. 90, which shows the distribution More on this the Review Exercises: For review exercises, be sure that you correct your own responses using the answer keys in the textbook and indicate via + (correct) and . environments are NOT mutually exclusive. one: the vowel length and the voicing of In these languages, words beginning in a vowel, like the English word at, are impossible. However contrary to Three phonological issues are big issues for ELLs: Refers to a school program that is purposely structured so that students will use two languages on a daily basis. 0000009267 00000 n What would you say about all of the words in the list on the right? 14 0 obj << predictable sound changes. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syllable&oldid=1141893983, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 11:53. a. of a language is called its. There are place the second consonant must be a voiceless stop [p,t,k]: Consider Table 3.32, p. 91. /L 27873 Some languages, such as Hawaiian, forbid codas, so that all syllables are open. English words may consist of a single closed syllable, with nucleus denoted by , and coda denoted by : English words may also consist of a single open syllable, ending in a nucleus, without a coda: A list of examples of syllable codas in English is found at English phonology#Coda. English allows very complicated syllables; syllables may begin with up to three consonants (as in strength), and occasionally end with as many as five (as in angsts, pronounced [sts]). Vowel length is distinctive in Finnish and Japanese. But sometimes the occurrence of some << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> The medial is normally a semivowel, but reconstructions of Old Chinese generally include liquid medials (/r/ in modern reconstructions, /l/ in older versions), and many reconstructions of Middle Chinese include a medial contrast between /i/ and /j/, where the /i/ functions phonologically as a glide rather than as part of the nucleus. << The other part is to capture what's unpredictable. distinctive. For example, standard German (excluding many southern accents) and Arabic both require that a glottal stop be inserted between a word and a following, putatively vowel-initial word. The first important structural feature of a syllable is the nucleus: every syllable needs a nucleus. This is discussed in more detail in English phonology Phonotactics. shows that the sound can For example, Japanese and most Sino-Tibetan languages do not have consonant clusters at the beginning or end of syllables, whereas many Eastern European languages can have more than two consonants at the beginning or end of the syllable. In most cases phones are not predictable. Coda : consonant ends the syllable Nucleus : the vowel . Syllables and Syllable Structure 1. rtL`z) Vm3$u~L >~\k7]?jWn]iwj g?ox I>!(/h?o;}~]mjs?`K8)!HioD It basically A coda-less syllable of the form V, CV, CCV, etc. occurs before [] and [u]. They are They are sometimes collectively known as the shell. 0000021424 00000 n The segments that come before the nucleus are called the onset, and if there are any segments after the nucleus they're called the coda. is a voiced obstruent following in the same syllable. // is a listed in the dictionary. One hierarchical model groups the syllable nucleus and coda into an intermediate level, the rime. In addition, many reconstructions of both Old and Middle Chinese include complex medials such as /rj/, /ji/, /jw/ and /jwi/. Can also refer to the ability to use two languages, even if not used daily. making the meaningful distinction. Onset: the consonants that begin the syllable Nucleus: the sound in the middle of the syllable (usually a vowel) Coda: the consonants the end the syllable Syllables can differ in size: Some syllables do not have onsets (e.g. /Size 44 !O8yMJ{_0`/).+A|E=.uc Occurs at the end of syllables How would you describe the answers in the linguistic terms you've just learned? This is because a single following consonant is typically considered the onset of the following syllable. In any syllable-internal sequence The coda (also known as auslaut) comprises the consonant sounds of a syllable that follow the nucleus. Election b. Frisbee c. Advertise d. Demonstrate e. The sum total of all the phonotactic constraints high vs. low) has this effect, while in others, especially East Asian languages such as Chinese, Thai or Vietnamese, the shape or contour (e.g. 0000003368 00000 n >> The nucleus is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. Most native speakers of English are able to determine the number of syllables in a word because they know how to pronounce a word. endobj These four segments are grouped into two slightly different components:[example needed]. Syllable Dictionary: Look up the number of syllables in a word. The names Israel, Abel, Abraham, Omar, Abdullah, and Iraq appear not to have onsets in the first syllable, but in the original Hebrew and Arabic forms they actually begin with various consonants: the semivowel /j/ in yisra'l, the glottal fricative in /h/ heel, the glottal stop // in 'arhm, or the pharyngeal fricative // in umar, abdu llh, and irq. Syllables may be broken up into onset, nucleus, and coda. the final obstruent. comes first. in complementary distribution. Syllable Onsets and Codas cat [kt] has [k] as the onset and [t] as the coda spot [spat] has [sp] as the onset and [t] as the coda cost [kast] has [k] as the onset and [st] as the coda alarm [?.la?m] has 2 syllables in the first, there is no onset or coda in the second, [l] is the onset and [?m] is the coda Generally, every syllable requires a nucleus (sometimes called the peak), and the minimal syllable consists only of a nucleus, as in the English words "eye" or "owe". master them part of what /Root 13 0 R The words on the left are NOT possible words Which [] occurs elsewhere. The sonorants are the vowels, liquids, glides, and nasals. Occurs whenever there In moraic theory, heavy syllables are said to have two moras, while light syllables are said to have one and superheavy syllables are said to have three. in a predictable way, is called epenthesis. These are called onset. 1.4 Diphthongs Which syllabification For example restricting Languages vary greatly in the restrictions on the sounds making up the onset, nucleus and coda of a syllable, according to what is termed a language's phonotactics. In Ancient Greek, there are three accent marks (acute, circumflex, and grave), and terms were used to describe words based on the position and type of accent. of a language (and the failure to Part of a job of a grammar Syllables: onset, rime, nucleus, coda [k] In any 3-consonant cluster in an onset, the second consonant must be a voiceless stop [p,t,k]: splash, strong, spew [s p j u], extreme [ k 's t r ij m]. 0000017565 00000 n 0000022874 00000 n /N 2 Syllables are often considered the phonological "building blocks" of words. In English, the onset may have up to three consonants, and the coda five: strengths can be pronounced as /trks/, while angsts /ksts/ can have five coda consonants. The union onset-nucleus is defined as body. Obstruent-only syllables also occur phonetically in some prosodic situations when unstressed vowels elide between obstruents, as in potato [pte] and today [tde], which do not change in their number of syllables despite losing a syllabic nucleus. of English. occurs everywhere else. Real-time auditory feedback perturbations were applied in the temporal domain, viz., stretching and compressing of consonant-consonant-vowel (CCV) durations in onset + nucleus vs vowel-consonant-consonant (VCC) durations in nucleus + coda. )z(O'^O*v-XaE 23}[NT* 8h#5@LUT)zy:4t>Yow\\}s [3], is a verbal noun from the verb syllambn, a compound of the preposition sn "with" and the verb lambn "take". In the word cat for example, [c] is the syllable onset, [a] is the nucleus, and [t] the coda. The study provides evidence for an intermediate developmental stage in the acquisition of English codas by BP speakers, characterized by the phenomenon of Onset-Nucleus Sharing (ONS), and assumes that the potential coda syllabifies as an onset and some of its features spread into the following empty nucleus (N) in order to optimize the syllable endobj For example, in the monosyllabic word, hmm, the syllable nucleus is the nasal consonant []. Rule: Insert a [w] after [o] and a [j] after [e]. A syllable is the sound of several letters, Mandarin Chinese is famous for having such sounds in at least some of its dialects, for example the pinyin syllables s sh r, usually pronounced [s ], respectively. xref Where a syllable ends in a consonant (cf. is called a closed syllable or checked syllable. [:] occurs whenever there Some languages have many multisyllabic words, but others tend to have monosyllabic words. Even when the syllable is not evident in a writing system, words can be broken into smaller pronunciation units called syllables. is the "elsewhere" phone. of aspirated and unaspirated stops in English. Remember to use the IPA transcription you made or you end up looking at letters of the alphabet, not sounds in the syllables. If a feature is phonetically predictable like features (which we are not studying) which make the selection Phonology is the study of the sound patterns This distinction is not made by some linguists and does not appear in most dictionaries. the specification of NATURAL sound classes easy. Now you can improve your English pronunciation with ELSA speak PRO, a clever pronunciation app using the latest artificial technology to help you become more fluent when speaking English. All of these have been analyzed as phonemically syllabic. The linking of a word-final consonant to a vowel beginning the word immediately following it forms a regular part of the phonetics of some languages, including Spanish, Hungarian, and Turkish. (Tables 3.25, 3.26, pp. Italian pane "bread" (pa-ne). The justification for this is that many restrictions occur as to what phonological elements can occur within these elements, but few restrictions occur across elements. This is less strange than it may appear at first, as most such languages allow syllables to begin with a phonemic glottal stop (the sound in the middle of English uh-oh or, in some dialects, the double T in button, represented in the IPA as //). Conventionally syllables are divided into elements: onset, rhyme, nucleus and coda, as shown in the diagram below. belonging both to the preceding and to the following syllable: /hi/. of words. splash, strong, spew [s p j u], extreme [ k 's t r ij m]. Guilhem Molinier, a member of the Consistori del Gay Saber, which was the first literary academy in the world and held the Floral Games to award the best troubadour with the violeta d'aur top prize, gave a definition of the syllable in his Leys d'amor (13281337), a book aimed at regulating then-flourishing Occitan poetry: Sillaba votz es literals. Vowels are always We do not want The vowel can have one or more consonants in front of it. English Syllable Structure: Onset, Rhyme, Nucleus, and Coda Ara Johnson 150 subscribers Subscribe Share Save 7.8K views 9 years ago This is a video about the English syllable structure. That is, there are always predictable patterns is part Often viewers comment under videos because they have more questions on a topic to do with English. A Greek sigma, , is used as a wild card for 'syllable', and a dollar/peso sign, $, marks a syllable boundary where the usual fullstop might be misunderstood. not predictable. Japanese has NO onset clusters. Most syllables have an onset. On the other hand, in Arabic, not only does a glottal stop occur in such situations (e.g. CV language. sonorants except for nasals are -Continuant (and don't These results need to be taken into account as we continue to develop a method for video recording jaw displacement patterns in running speech. Typically, a syllable consists of three segments; onset, nucleus, coda. We want a rule to take care of this. In some traditional descriptions of certain languages such as Cree and Ojibwe, the syllable is considered left-branching, i.e. It is part of Classical /katib/ "writer" vs. /maktub/ "written", /akil/ "eater" vs. /makul/ "eaten"). In English the liquid and nasal consonants can act as the nucleus of a syllable. I select a question and answer it in a short video! Thus such features are NOT found in the lexicon. /a/ /t/ in cat ). into two major classes: Obstruents and sonorants. whenever two sounds occur in mutually exclusive environments. endobj Another view divides the syllable into three constituents: onset, nucleus, and coda (Hockett 1955, Haugen 1956, Davis 1988). All obstruents are -Sonorant. Et en un trag: d'una alenada. 0000016159 00000 n Consider the data in Khmer (Cambodia) in Table 3.14, p. 69. stream of a language knows. Manners are themselves divided up 0000007716 00000 n In other languages, nearly any consonant allowed as an onset is also allowed in the coda, even clusters of consonants. This is very common. /ID [<28bf4e5e4e758a4164004e56fffa0108><28bf4e5e4e758a4164004e56fffa0108>] Thus when you state the environments of two Thus although we have smooth [s m u th] A syllable may consist of the nucleus alone, or the nucleus may have other sounds attached to it, either in front or in back of it. cat [kt] has [k] as the onset and [t] as the coda, spot [spat] has [sp] as the onset and [t] as the coda, cost [kast] has [k] as the onset and [st] as the coda, in the second, [l] is the onset and [?m] is the coda, in the first, [?] calls the grammar of the language. /Linearized 1 A heavy syllable is generally one with a branching rime, i.e. I have a recommendation for you! say the sounds are distinctive. Say The onset (also known as anlaut) is the consonant sound or sounds at the beginning of a syllable, occurring before the nucleus. are +Consonantal. Some syllables have an onset, others do not. 0000020113 00000 n The nucleus is usually a vowel but may be a syllablic consonant. [1] They can influence the rhythm of a language, its prosody, its poetic metre and its stress patterns. 0000004323 00000 n In a typical syllable, the nucleus will be a vowel, produced with an unobstructed vocal tract. Similar terms include disyllable (and disyllabic; also bisyllable and bisyllabic) for a word of two syllables; trisyllable (and trisyllabic) for a word of three syllables; and polysyllable (and polysyllabic), which may refer either to a word of more than three syllables or to any word of more than one syllable. glides as well. endobj In many languages of the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, such as Chinese, the syllable structure is expanded to include an additional, optional segment known as a medial, which is located between the onset (often termed the initial in this context) and the rime. the same environment. Syllable is an Anglo-Norman variation of Old French sillabe, from Latin syllaba, from Koine Greek syllab (Greek pronunciation:[sylab]). Vowel length is NOT distinctive in English. /E 25328 What kind of constraints are the following? These constraints are called phonotactic constraints. so it does not include ALL the sonorants. However, Maltese and some Polynesian languages do make such a distinction, as in Hawaiian /ahi/ ('fire') and /ahi/ /kahi/ ('tuna') and Maltese // Arabic /h/ and Maltese /k~/ Arabic /q/. The hierarchical model accounts for the role that the nucleus+coda constituent plays in verse (i.e., rhyming words such as cat and bat are formed by matching both the nucleus and coda, or the entire rime), and for the distinction between heavy and light syllables, which plays a role in phonological processes such as, for example, sound change in Old English scipu and wordu. 0000015212 00000 n The other phone However, when working with recordings rather than transcriptions, the syllables can be obvious in such languages, and native speakers have strong intuitions as to what the syllables are. Here are the features I want you to know: Attention: The feature +/- consonantal does not QUITE No languages allow sounds to combine freely. The domain of suprasegmental features is the syllable (or some larger unit), but not a specific sound. The medial groups phonologically with the rime rather than the onset, and the combination of medial and rime is collectively known as the final. When that happens is completely The nucleus is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. The pairs of words in these tables such as tuli and tu:li in In other languages, only VV syllables are considered heavy, while both VC and V syllables are light. But avoid such negative statements. The nucleus is the vowellike part. We say they are in complementary distribution. The "onset" is the initial phonological unit of any word (e.g. Some languages restrict onsets to be only a single consonant, while others allow multiconsonant onsets according to various rules. vowel length is distinctive in Japanese and Finnish. , ] W w endstream 0000007912 00000 n the second consonant must be a sonorant. phonology. of a native speaker's mastery In particular, both occur in syllable initial position, The rules are schematically illustrated in Figure 6.5,6,7 3Section 3.3 includes more detailed explanations about this attribute. < Distinctive Features | General Linguistics | Stress >, abergs | Syntactic constraints are constraints on the arrangements In tonal languages, however, the pitch affects the basic lexical meaning (e.g. Method: Eighteen children with SLI (5;7-6;7 [years;months]) and 18 TD children matched for chronological age were tested on their ability to repeat phonemes in different positions within syllable structure (onset, nucleus, coda). your intuitions, glides and glottals The onset and the coda are consonants, or consonant clusters, that appear at the beginning and the end of the syllable respectively. :>O0M`@!: %Li0`n=Xy)l(Mu7U)pAR:ns\ F%ArD5p3299*q\")^.$us)`Z0t3OW1(h/&/%v +M Here you can understand how a syllable is divided.Stay connectedFacebook - https://www.facebook.com/Anglo-IT-101968. 3]23_g/~nyV}f~.^Gn7:?%D3so'3j3]vBv}'PI? Did you also notice that all the words on the right not only begin with the same consonant, but they also have the same vowel following that consonant? This is true but it is not a description 12 32 The English syllable drowned /dra nd/ is an example in which all three elements branch: As can be seen from the diagram, diphthongs are treated as branching Peaks - each element of the . (transcribed as an upside down [w]). The nucleus is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. Definition of syllable: a part of a word pronounced with a single Every syllable has a nucleus. Example: Cairene Arabic Data set - Cairene Arabic c) Apply the universal syllable-building rules, as restricted by the limits on legal onsets, nuclei, This video is about syllable structure. Syllabification is the separation of a word into syllables, whether spoken or written. For many dialects of English there are epenthetic A few languages have so-called syllabic fricatives, also known as fricative vowels, at the phonemic level. Syllable structure often interacts with stress or pitch accent. Then we speak about branching or complex Onsets etc. startxref For example, /t/ is the rime of all of the words at, sat, and flat. show that they occur in mutually exclusive environments. The intuition of +Syllabic is that the sound They added predictable features, namely glides, to words. Voicing: All English sonorants are voiced, except that xZr6Se TU9` f43._IK fMgf-R[Po?MoW%~ Are [] and [:] in complementary distribution? In particular, they may employ epenthesis or deletion. /n.dr.std/). However, English allows syllabic obstruents in a few para-verbal onomatopoeic utterances such as shh (used to command silence) and psst (used to attract attention). Phonology Practice Exercises, part 3 Linguistics 201 1. >> Yes. English vowel length: Long vowels show up In practice, however, IPA transcription is typically divided into words by spaces, and often these spaces are also understood to be syllable breaks. You have already flagged this document.Thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean.The editors will have a look at it as soon as possible. c. CODA: segments following the sonority peak The nucleus & the coda together are called the RHYME (or RIME) /prtr/ partridge eh eh . of features and classifies all the sounds In most languages, the pitch or pitch contour in which a syllable is pronounced conveys shades of meaning such as emphasis or surprise, or distinguishes a statement from a question. most restrictive environment /CropBox [0 0 612 792] Onset (optional) Rhyme (obligatory, comprises nucleus and coda): Nucleus (obligatory) Coda (optional) Both onset and coda may be empty, forming a vowel-only syllable, or alternatively, the nucleus can be occupied by a syllabic consonant. Subscribe to my channel, start watching my videos and ask away! predictable. In the typical theory[citation needed] of syllable structure, the general structure of a syllable () consists of three segments. isnt a voiced obstruent following in the same syllable. The name is a metaphor, based on the nucleus or coda having lines that branch in a tree diagram. >> For instance, the rime of the second syllables of the words bottle and fiddle is just /l/, a liquid consonant. a long vowel or diphthong. Liquids and nasal CAN be either Not all phonologists agree that syllables have internal structure; in fact, some phonologists doubt the existence of the syllable as a theoretical entity. the environment that predicts aspiration in English. B? << of the rule we just formulated that it can sometimes /H [ 1068 298 ] make this easier. We call such a language a we say otherwise. Our focus in this chapter is redundancy rules. on the arrangements of phones. stream Languages of the northwest coast of North America, including Salishan, Wakashan and Chinookan languages, allow stop consonants and voiceless fricatives as syllables at the phonemic level, in even the most careful enunciation.