In their book "Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders", authors Natasha M. Ezrow and Erica Frantz lay out five types of dictatorships: Power is obtained and maintained through military might. 1 Norway 2 Iceland 3 Sweden 4 New Zealand 5 Denmark =6 Canada =6 Ireland 8 Australia =9 Switzerland =9 Finland Whether or not Putin is a dictator is a matter of some debate. The 2010 version of Polity data series covers 189 countries from 1800 to 2009. Italy's Mussolini. Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power. [1]:70. Reading Time: 4 minutes. [140] Elections are also used to control elites within the dictatorship by requiring them to compete with one another and incentivizing them to build support with the populace, allowing the most popular and most competent elites to be promoted in the regime. [80] Italian dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in 1922, and began implementing reforms in 1925 to create the first fascist dictatorship. The 20th century also saw the rise of personalist dictatorships in Africa and military dictatorships in Latin America, both of which became prominent in the 1960s and 1970s. (Dictator of Italy and Principal Founder of Fascism Who Was Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.) The deadliest dictatorships are discussed below. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index is seen as an example of the minimalist approach, whereas the Polity data series is more substantive. [148], Institutions that coerce the opposition through the use of violence may serve different roles or they may be used to counterbalance one another in order to prevent one institution from becoming too powerful. While autocratic countries are not always malevolent, they often still encounter resistance from citizens who would prefer to have a greater say in the government's policy-making process. Nazi and fascist regimes in Europe, Communist single-party states, military juntas in Latin America and . [75] Lenin was followed by Joseph Stalin in 1924, who consolidated total power and implemented totalitarian rule by 1929. These individuals form an inner circle, making up a class of elites that hold a degree of power within the dictatorship and receive benefits in exchange for their support. [8]:465 Some countries, such as Greece and Bulgaria, stipulate who the head of state chooses as head of government. They differ from other forms of dictatorships in that the dictator has greater access to key political positions and the government's treasury, and they are more commonly subject to the discretion of the dictator. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. [139], Most dictatorships hold elections to maintain legitimacy and stability, but these elections are typically uncompetitive and the opposition is not permitted to win. The head of state may be unelected and still be classified as a democracy. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. He took control of the nation in 1973 after leading a coup that deposed elected leftist leader Salvador Allende. This article focuses on the five communist countries that are still adherent to Marxism-Leninism. Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. Types. "[6], For a regime to be considered as a democracy by the DD scheme, it must meet the requirement of four rules below:[1]:69[3], Some regimes may meet the first three rules, but lack an alternation in power in its historical past; these regimes are classified as dictatorships because of cases where the incumbent only allows elections as long as they keep winning, and would refuse to step down if they lost. These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index has the main regime types of "democracy" and "dictatorship" and three sub-types for each as well. This is a list of countries, nations, and states governed or ruled by a dictatorship, is sorted alphabetically and contains some information about each nation, such as the capital, and even the official language or currency of the country. A dictatorship is an authoritarian structure of government. Despite repeated promises to leave office in 2024 (when his term limit is reached), Putin spearheaded a 2020 constitutional amendment enabling him to remain in power until 2036. The group may be military or political, it may be organized or disorganized, and it may disproportionately represent a certain demographic. Totalitarianism is a form of autocracy in which the state has total control over its citizens. [54][55] The concept of "dictator" was first developed during the Roman Republic. One person holds all of the country's power. The government was described as a dictatorship of the proletariat in which power was exercised by soviets. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators. Democracies are classified by the rules in which executives can be appointed or removed and can be either presidential, mixed or semi-presidential, or parliamentary. For democracies, it categorizes them into three types: parliamentary, semi-presidential and presidential democracies. [4] A unified inner circle has the capacity to overthrow a dictator, and the dictator must make greater concessions to the inner circle to stay in power. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. In Germany, the head of state is elected by regional legislatures and not popularly elected. [23] Military coups do not necessarily result in military dictatorships, as power may then be passed to an individual or the military may allow democratic elections to take place. Adolf Hitler: 14 most cruel dictators Benito Mussolini: 14 most cruel dictators Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): 14 most cruel dictators Joseph Stalin: 14 most cruel dictators Mao Zedong or Mao or Mao Tse Tung: 14 most cruel dictators Muammar Gaddafi: 14 most cruel dictators Idi Amin (1920-2003): 14 most cruel dictators Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. Military dictatorship: 2. [84] Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model. [104] A one-party communist dictatorship was formed in Cuba when a US-backed dictatorship was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, creating the only Soviet-backed dictatorship in the western hemisphere. [126] For dictatorships, societal compliance is necessary for the ruling entity to maintain its desired order, laws, revenue, and policies. [126] In particular, censorship by dictatorships helps solidify claims of legitimacy and marginalize the voices of opposition critics. 10. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. Political participation: 2.22. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. [46], The shift in the power relation between the dictator and their inner circle has severe consequences for the behavior of such regimes as a whole. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. What are the countries with a democracy government? [130] One-party dictatorships are generally more stable and last longer than military or personalist dictatorships. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) Pol Pot (1925-1998) Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) Idi Amin (1952-2003) Is Venezuela a dictatorship? Most of them are characterized by a single leader with either no party or one that is weak. [87] Populist movements were strengthened following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, producing populist dictatorships in several Latin American countries. Ruling parties allow a dictatorship to more broadly influence the populace and facilitate political agreement between party elites. Multiple political parties may exist, but one dominates the government, makes all the rules, is free to disseminate propaganda, and controls every aspect of every election (which may offer voters only a single candidate), thereby ensuring they win every time. The dictator is the absolute ruler. Many others developed following a period of warlordism. ( 1, 2, 3) 5 Paul Kagame, the 60-year-old President of Rwanda, has been in power since 1994 when his rebel army ended the genocide which had killed 800,000 people. [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. The dictator maintains control by influencing and appeasing the inner circle while repressing any opposition, which may include rival political parties, armed resistance, or disloyal members of the inner circle. [51] In the modern era, absolute monarchies are most common in the Middle East. They are ruled by one-party or military dictatorships, religious hierarchies, or autocrats. The theories about society, capital and labor got turned into a dictatorship, genocide, and poverty. His wealth is estimated to be approximately $600 million. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. There are currently 22 dictators in Africa, some worse than others. 1. This makes it distinct from constitutional monarchy and ceremonial monarchy. Here is a list of the ten worst dictators that Africans have ever seen in their history. [90] These new African governments were marked by severe instability, which provided opportunities for regime change and made fair elections a rare occurrence on the continent. Teodoro Obiang Nguesma Mbasogo overthrew his uncle Macias in 1979 in a bloody coup. The result is that such regimes have no internal checks and balances, and are thus unrestrained when exerting repression on their people, making radical shifts in foreign policy, or starting wars with other countries. [62][63][64] Maximilien Robespierre has been similarly described as a dictator while he controlled the National Convention in France and carried out the Reign of Terror in 1793 and 1794. Below are 10 African country that are still under dictatorship. Functioning of government: 3.57. They are not even defined terms of art within political science. [8]:457, The DD dataset is limited to 199 countries after 1946, whereas Boix, Miller, & Rosato, 2013 proposed a data set from 1800 to 2007, covering 219 countries. Click to visit dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries [1] While the People's Republic of China was initially aligned with the Soviet Union, relations between the two countries deteriorated as the Soviet Union underwent de-Stalinization in the late-1950s. [59] Shoguns were de facto military dictators in Japan beginning in 1185 and continuing for over six hundred years. [98] Several Middle Eastern countries were the subject of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s, including Iraq, Syria, North Yemen, and South Yemen. [147] The use of violence by a dictator is frequently most severe during the first few years of a dictatorship, because the regime has not yet solidified its rule and more detailed information for targeted coercion is not yet available. [102] The stability of the Soviet Union weakened in the 1980s. [85] After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of Spain and Portugal. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). [88] European fascism was imported to Latin America as well, and the Vargas Era of Brazil was heavily influenced by the corporatism practiced in fascist Italy. Myanmar has been thrown into the darkness of the military dictatorship once again as this morning, the military junta arrested "The daughter of democracy" Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstated the military rule.
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