which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

b. Rogers. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? d. psychoanalytic therapy. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. a. modeling. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. 2.3.1.3. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? See Figure 2.1 below. Those who are not assertive are often overly passive and never get what they want or are unreasonably aggressive and only get what they want. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. b. resistance. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. d. propositions. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. 62. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. 156. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. That is the idea, at least. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. b. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. d. synapses. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. All of the models include an element of the biological model. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. 31. A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. What is that factor? Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. a. existential c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? a. Figure 2.8. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. This thought is an example of: a. depression. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. 82. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). b. rationalization. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. 106. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. d. disengagement. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. d. self-help therapy. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. 2.3.4.1. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. 24. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. c. psychoanalytic theory. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. 131. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. 29. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. a. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. 150. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. 148. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). I bet the bad behavior ended too. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. 65. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. 2.2.3.3. d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. Cognitive therapies. 13. Evaluating the cognitive model. a. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. 2.2.2.3. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. 126. 34. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. a. gestalt First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. a. humanistic therapy. 134. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? c. gestalt therapy. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. More on that over the next two sections. c. intellectualization. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). 42. 86. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. 113. c. result of childhood trauma. Models aid us with doing all of this. Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. c. feminist therapy. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. 20. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. Consider where students sit in a class. The Structure of the Nervous System. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. b. accepting problematic thoughts. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. 102. d. latent content. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. 16. c. depression. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. 147. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. a. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. 129. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). b. ego. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? 100. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. OCD has an earlier age of onset in girls than boys, with most people being diagnosed by age 19. d. fixation. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. c. intellectualization. How so? a. a. a. gestalt Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. d. indicator of psychological conflict. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. b. ego. d. existential, 125. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. b. prevention. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. 40. b. cognitive-behavioral. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. c. role-playing. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. How so? A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. 81. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. 108. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: a. cognitive-behavioral In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. 2.3.4.3. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. 89. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. Conditioning is when learning occurs. b. ego. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. 77. Participants have similar issues. a. existential b. cognitive-behavioral 161. 162. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. c. existential. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. 2.2.1.1. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. d. sociocultural. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. 2.3.1.1. c. psychodynamic According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? The structure of personality. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. c. insert RNA into genes. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? b. behavior-focused therapists. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. This is known as What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. c. humanistic-existential Over time I learned that attention was good. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. 119. 164. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. 152. 55. a. 80. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. 159. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders.
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