ahmad shah qajar cause of death

ahmad shah qajar cause of death. [32] At about the same time, Karim Khan Zand had ascended the Iranian throne; Erekle II quickly tendered his de jure submission to the new Iranian ruler, however, de facto, he remained autonomous. Media in category "Ahmad Shah Qajar" The following 51 files are in this category, out of 51 total. On 16 July 1909, the Majles voted to place Mohammad Ali Shah's 11-year-old son, Ahmad Shah on the throne. [100], The British formed the South Persia Rifles in 1916, which was initially separate from the Persian army until 1921. Ahmad Shah was formally crowned on 21 July 1914, upon reaching his majority. Ahmad Shah Qajar - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core In a few hours, the Iranian king Agha Mohammad Khan was in full control of the Georgian capital. The Ottomans, Iran's neighboring rival, recognized the latter's rights over Kartli and Kakheti for the first time in four centuries. "Qajar" redirects here. He was killed on the orders of Shah Nader Shah in 1726. Gudovich, who sat in Georgievsk at the time, instructed Erekle to avoid "expense and fuss",[38] while Erekle, together with Solomon II and some Imeretians headed southwards of Tbilisi to fend off the Iranians. Franz Roubaud. It has become part of the legend of his deposition from the throne that his patriotic gesture so annoyed his British hosts that they decided to overthrow the Qajar dynasty and assisted Re Khan in doing so in 1925; but British Foreign Office documents provide ample proof that this was not the case and that his fall from power was due to circumstances unrelated to the London banquet. [20][78] The Persian monarchy became more of a symbolic concept in which Russian diplomats were themselves powerbrokers in Iran and the monarchy was dependent on British and Russian loans for funds. 3556. Smirnov was rightly suspected by the constitutionalists of being a Russian agent; but the Russian embassy, insisting that Smirnov acted only as a tutor, objected to his dismissal and dropped hints that Russia was prepared to recall half of the Russian troops stationed at Qazvn if Smirnov was allowed to stay (S. . Taqzda, eba-ye q-ye Sayyed asan Taqzda motamel bar amma- az tr-e awel-e enqelb o maryat-e rn, Tehran, 1338 ./1959, p. 89). [63] As the Cambridge History of Iran states; "The steady encroachment of Russian troops along the frontier in the Caucasus, General Yermolov's brutal punitive expeditions and misgovernment, drove large numbers of Muslims, and even some Georgian Christians, into exile in Iran."[64]. After the start of the Russian Revolution, many tsarist supporters remained in Persia as members of the Cossack Brigade rather than fighting for or against the Soviet Union. The newly born Soviet Union responded by annexing portions of northern Persia as buffer states much like its Tsarist predecessor. Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: causes and implications", Praeger/Greenwood,1998 - Page 67: . . . With the arrival of the Cossacks in Tehran, the cabinet fell and the feeble prime minister, Fatallh Akbar, took sanctuary in the British embassy. Agha Mohammad Khan (ca. G. Waterfield, Professional Diplomat, Sir Percy Loraine, London, 1973. . Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. Franz Roubaud. Reza Shah was the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty and Shah of Iran (Persia) from 1925 to 1941. In return, Re Khan agreed to facilitate the shahs immediate departure for Europe. [20][80] Russia and Britain had competing investments in the industrialisation of Iran including roads and telegraph lines,[81] as a way to profit and extend their influence. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease,[15] putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty. Large numbers of Georgian and Armenian captives had lived in Iran since 1804 or as far back as 1795." Storming of Lankaran, 13 January 1813. With the conclusion of the Akhal Treaty on 21 September 1881, Iran ceased any claim to all parts of Turkestan and Transoxiana, setting the Atrek River as the new boundary with Imperial Russia. Map of Iran under the Qajar dynasty in the 19th century. Later, the formal termination of the Qajar Dynasty by the Majles, turned Ahmad Shah's 1923 European tour into exile. In the last few decades of the 18th century, Georgia had become a more important element in Russo-Iranian relations than some provinces in northern mainland Persia, such as Mazandaran or even Gilan. THE IRANIAN: Ahmad Shah, Manoutchehr Eskandari-Qajar They eventually partially partitioned Qajar Iran into two influence zones in the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention.[20][21][22]. [67][68] Until the mid-fourteenth century, Armenians had constituted a majority in Eastern Armenia. Another decisive moment in Amad Shahs reign came at the end of the war when he was induced, partly by pecuniary incentives, to give his consent to the conclusion of a treaty, the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919, with England. Upon learning of the fall of Tbilisi General Gudovich put the blame on the Georgians themselves. [102] After 1915, Russia and Britain demanded the recall of the Swedish advisers. Shah of Iran from July 16, 1909 to December 15, 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty. [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Ahmad Shah Qajar. She convinced the young shah that Amir Kabir wanted to usurp the throne. Britain also extended its control to other areas of the Persian Gulf during the 19th century. sap next talent program salary. at Neuilly-sur-Seine, outside Paris, France, and was buried in his family crypt in Karbala, Iraq. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The weak economic state of Persia put Ahmad Shah and his government at the mercy of foreign influence; they had to obtain loans from the Imperial Bank of Persia. He founded the first modern hospital in Iran.[75]. M. Malekzda, Tr-eenqelb-e maryat-e rn IV, Tehran, 1331 ./1952. He continued to press Norman, the British minister in Tehran, to acquiesce to his departure for Europe, ostensibly for reasons of health. This influence was especially pronounced because the Persian monarchy's legitimacy was predicated on an image of military prowess, first Turkic and then European-influenced. [62], Through the Battle of Ganja of 1804 during the Russo-Persian War (18041813), many thousands of Ayrums and Qarapapaqs were settled in Tabriz. When in December 1911 the Majlis unanimously refused a Russian ultimatum demanding Shuster's dismissal, Russian troops, already in the country, moved to occupy the capital. A directorate of elder statesmen established to run the country until the convening of the new parliament, named Mostawf-al-mamlek, a popular nobleman, to the influential post of minister of the court and a distinguished democrat, akm-al-molk, to serve as Mostawfs right hand man. He was formally deposed on 31 October 1925, when Reza Khan was proclaimed Shah by the Majlis, as Reza Shah Pahlavi. ahmad shah qajar cause of death ahmad shah qajar cause of death - dura-fog.com Ahmad Qajar - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage ahmad shah qajar cause of death old restaurants in lawrence, ma Mohammad Hasan Khan was killed on the orders of Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty. Ahmad Shahi Pavilion - Wikipedia The memory of this vengeful ruler is universally execrated; yet he did keep Persia intact at a time of struggle. The Anglo-Persian Agreement, along with new political parties, further immobilized the country. He interfered in political appointments that lay outside his jurisdiction; he engaged in corrupt practices that came to be widely known, for example in grain speculation, in order to augment his already considerable fortune; and his avariciousness was noted even by foreign observers, including the British minister to Tehran, who reported in a dispatch that the best way to keep the shah well-disposed towards England was to give him, or obtain for him, as much money as we can for that is what he loves most in the world (Norman to Curzon, 25 June 1920, Documents on British Foreign Policy, first series, XIII, London, 1963, p. 538). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [90] Numerous clashes would take place there between the Russians, who were further aided by the Assyrians under Agha Petros as well as Armenian volunteer units and battalions, and the Ottomans on the other side. These reforms antagonized various notables who had been excluded from the government. Ahmad Shah Qajar married five times. 1923-d.1977), Soltan Ahmad Shah's son from a non-Qajar wife, married a woman of Bulgarian descent and had three children: Princess Sheylah, Princess Eylah and . [69] After centuries of constant warfare on the Armenian Plateau, many Armenians chose to emigrate and settle elsewhere. Home; Categories. The story of Malekeh Jahan's attempt is told in her grand-son's book on the Qajars (Kadjars), Les . Consequently, at a reception held in his honor in London, he intentionally refrained from including in his official speech any reference which could have been construed as an endorsement of the Anglo-Persian Agreement. Battle of Ganja, 1826. [24][10][11][12] Qajars first settled during the Mongol period in the vicinity of Armenia and were among the seven Qizilbash tribes that supported the Safavids. In 1744, Nader Shah had granted the kingship of the Kartli and Kakheti to Teimuraz II and his son Erekle II (Heraclius II) respectively, as a reward for their loyalty. The Swedish-influenced police had some success in building up Persian police in centralizing the country. Azizi, Mohammad-Hossein. Every future Shah of Iran would also die in exile. His son, Fath Ali Khan (born c. 16851693) was a renowned military commander during the rule of the Safavid shahs Sultan Husayn and Tahmasp II. Upon reaching his majority Ahmad Shah was formally crowned on 21 July 1914. The second is the attempt by Soltan Ahmad Shah's mother, Malekeh Jahan, to regain the throne for her son and for the dynasty in 1925-26. The death of Mohammad- Ali Shah Qajar (b. [20][23] Qajar Iran's territorial integrity was further weakened during the Persian campaign of World War I and the invasion by the Ottoman Empire. However, he did not do so; and Re Khan was now too powerful and the shah too discredited for the movement to depose the Qajars to be reversed. wikipedia.en/Zia_ol_Din_Tabatabaee.md at main - github.com [10] In his quest for power, he razed cities, massacred entire populations, and blinded some 20,000 men in the city of Kerman because the local populace had chosen to defend the city against his siege.[10]. ahmad shah qajar cause of deathcapricorn and virgo flirting. Fisher, William Bayne;Avery, Peter; Gershevitch, Ilya; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles. [13][14] The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last Shah of the Zand dynasty, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus. Between 1914 and 1918, the Ottoman troops massacred many thousands of Iran's Assyrian and Armenian population, as part of the Assyrian and Armenian genocides, respectively.[91][92]. Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shahanshah - geni family tree Part of the collection of the Museum for History, Baku. Il fut le dernier Shah de la Dynastie Qajar. The agreement was deeply resented in France and openly denounced by the American minister in Tehran, who promised the Iranian nationalists his countrys full support in resisting this colonial pact (M. T. Bahr, Tr-emotaar-e azb-e ss, vol. [33], Finding an interval of peace amid their own quarrels and with northern, western, and central Persia secure, the Persians demanded Erekle II to renounce the treaty with Russia and to reaccept Persian suzerainty,[37] in return for peace and the security of his kingdom. Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (Kadjar) and the 1925-26 Coup During the remaining part of the 18041813 war, as well as through the 18261828 war, the absolute bulk of the Ayrums and Qarapapaqs that were still remaining in newly conquered Russian territories were settled in and migrated to Solduz (in modern-day Iran's West Azerbaijan province). 657-660. With the death of Mohammad Shah in 1848, Mirza Taqi was largely responsible for ensuring the crown prince's succession to the throne. Ahamad 1299.jpg 420 307; 36 KB. The shah was persuaded to appoint a young pro-British journalist, Sayyed -al-dn abab, as prime minister, but the real power behind the government was Re Khan. fut Shah d'Iran du 16 juillet 1909 au 31 octobre 1925. By 1920, the government had virtually lost all power outside the capital and Ahmad Shah had lost control of the situation. Nosrati Ahmad, A Letter to Intellectuals: The Manipulation of the Persian Nation by Western Power and Russian Policy, Trafford Publishing, 2004. A. [31] When Nader Shah died in 1747, they capitalized on the chaos that had erupted in mainland Iran, and declared de facto independence. After Teimuraz II died in 1762, Erekle II assumed control over Kartli, and united the two kingdoms in a personal union as the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, becoming the first Georgian ruler to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia in three centuries. A leading figure was the shahs maternal grandfather, Kmrn Mrz. Some of these groups included the Ayrums, Qarapapaqs, Circassians, Shia Lezgins, and other Transcaucasian Muslims. [72][73] After the Russian administration took hold of Iranian Armenia, the ethnic make-up shifted, and thus for the first time in more than four centuries, ethnic Armenians started to form a majority once again in one part of historic Armenia. [102], The number of Russian officers in the Cossack Brigade would increase over time. Following the official losing of the aforementioned vast territories in the Caucasus, major demographic shifts were bound to take place. Agha Mohammad Shah was later assassinated while preparing a second expedition against Georgia in 1797 in Shusha. On July 16, 1909, Mohammad Ali Shah was overthrown by rebels seeking to restore the 1906 Constitution . Can you list the top facts and stats about Ahmad Shah Qajar? Their head, Agha Mohammad Khan, as his first objective,[37] resolved to bring the Caucasus again fully under the Persian orbit. [33][34] In 1783, Erekle II placed his kingdom under the protection of the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Georgievsk. Marching on Tehran, the Soviets extracted ever more humiliating concessions from the Persian government whose ministers Ahmad Shah was often unable to control. [83] Mozaffar-e-din Shah was a moderate, but relatively ineffective ruler. [33] As the Cambridge History of Iran states, its permanent secession was inconceivable and had to be resisted in the same way as one would resist an attempt at the separation of Fars or Gilan. Solidly Persian-speaking territories of Iran were lost, with all its inhabitants in it. Abrahamian Ervand, "Oriental Despotism:The Case of Qajar Iran" International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. The other side of the story of Soltan Ahmad Shah and the demise of the Qajars is that of foreign power involvement in the affairs of Persia, particularly that of Britain and its designs on Persia as a strategic source of raw materials, especially oil. [82]:20 In 1907 the British and Russian Empires partitioned Iran into spheres of influence with the Anglo-Russian Convention. Ahmad Shahi Pavilion (Persian: - Koushk-e Ahmad Shhi) is located in the Niavaran Complex, in the north of Tehran, Iran.Ahmad Shahi Pavilion is beside Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's dwelling, Niavaran Palace and the oldest building there, Sahebgharaniyeh Palace.The Pavilion was built at the end of the Qajar era as Ahmad Shah's dwelling among Niavaran garden. (Source: Flickr Commons project, 2017) . [97], The Qajar military was one of the dynasty's largest conventional sources of legitimacy, albeit was increasingly influenced by foreign powers over the course of the dynasty. See also H. Arfa, Under Five Shahs, London, 1964. When Amad Shah came of age, he possessed all the qualities of a bad king: He was timid and unable to make clear decisions, lacked strength of character, loved to indulge in pleasure, tended towards bribe-taking, and was avaricious to an almost uncontrollable degree. ahmad shah qajar cause of death - theactiongrouphr.com Other rebellions were crushed, considerably adding to Re Khans standing. Ahmad Shah Qajar (1898-1930) - Find a Grave Memorial Furthermore, the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay included the official rights for the Russian Empire to encourage settling of Armenians from Iran in the newly conquered Russian territories. With the shahs departure, an extensive campaign, encouraged by Re Khan, was initiated in favor of the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic on the model of neighboring Turkey. They regarded the Amir Kabir as a social upstart and a threat to their interests, and they formed a coalition against him, in which the queen mother was active. Britain also sent sepoys to reinforce the Brigade. The shah was thus forced to remain. Ahmad Shah Qajar. - Wikimedia Commons "However the result of the Treaty of Turkmenchay was a tragedy for the Azerbaijani people. Dar-ol-Fonoon was established for training a new cadre of administrators and acquainting them with Western techniques. Within 126 years between the demise of the Safavid state and the rise of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, the Qajars had evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Persia into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy. Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 - 21 February 1930) was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended to the throne at the age of 12 after the removal of his father . Thus, after long and careful deliberations, and in keeping with Article 37 of the constitution, the leaders of the constitutional movement agreed to confer the crown on the deposed shahs eldest son. In the early 20th century, the Persian Constitutional Revolution created an elected parliament or Majilis, and sought the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, deposing Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar for Ahmad Shah Qajar, but many of the constitutional reforms were reversed by an intervention led by the Russian Empire. Later, the formal termination of the Qajar dynasty by the Majles turned Ahmad Shah's 1923 European tour into exile. The venerable Aod-al-molk (head of the Qajar tribe) was named regent. Amir Kabir issued an edict banning ornate and excessively formal writing in government documents; the beginning of a modern Persian prose style dates from this time. Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended to the throne at the age of 12[2] after the removal of his father Mohammad-Ali Shah by the Parliament on 16 July 1909. iwi masada aftermarket parts. Agha Mohammad Khan was known as one of the cruelest kings, even by the standards of 18th-century Iran. Lastly and equally important, as a result of Russia's imposing of the two treaties, It also decisively parted the Azerbaijanis[59] and Talysh[60] ever since between two nations. From exile, Ahmad Shah issued the following declaration indicating his displeasure . [89] Due to the latter reason, as Prof. Dr. Touraj Atabaki states, declaring neutrality was useless, especially as Iran had no force to implement this policy. When Mohammad Shah died in 1848 the succession passed to his son Nasser-e-Din, who proved to be the ablest and most successful of the Qajar sovereigns. He died four years later at the age of 32. The debates between the two political parties led to violence and even assassinations. The Qajars were resettled by Shah Abbas I throughout Iran. On December 12, a special constituent assembly modified articles 36, 37, 38, and 40 of the constitution and by a vote of 257 to 3 conferred the crown on Re Shah and his male heirs. The Majlis was rendered ineffective because the central government was weak and did not have enough influence to rein in the changes that it had proposed. The ex-shah went into exile in Russia. [33] He viewed, like the Safavids and Nader Shah before him, the territories no different from the territories in mainland Iran. book a tip slot neath ahmad shah qajar cause of death. [9], "Like virtually every dynasty that ruled Persia since the 11th century, the Qajars came to power with the backing of Turkic tribal forces, while using educated Persians in their bureaucracy". (court literature/language, administrative, cultural, official), Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus, Wars with Russia and irrevocable loss of territories. This is a rare picture of Soltan Ahmad Shah at 13. This terminated the Qajar dynasty. Agha Mohammad Khan. Lord Ironside (ed. Erekle had managed to mobilize some 5,000 troops, including some 2,000 from neighboring Imereti under its King Solomon II. The Qajar were a Turkmen tribe who first settled during the Mongol period in the vicinity of Armenia and were among the seven Qezelb tribes that supported the Safavids. At that time, Persia was nearly bankrupt. XX .). [38], With half of the troop's Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the Aras river with, he now marched directly upon Tbilisi, where it commenced into a huge battle between the Iranian and Georgian armies. Date of death: 21 February 1930 Neuilly-sur-Seine: Place of burial: Karbala; Country of citizenship: Iran; Occupation: politician; Position held: Shah (1909-1925) Noble title: Shah; . He had four children, each by a different wife. The British-commanded South Persia Rifles were in the south, the Dunsterforce (later known as the North Persia Force, or Norperforce) occupied the Qar-e rn-Kermnh-Hamdn-Qazvn line, and other British contingents were based in Mahad. [98], Russia established the Persian Cossack Brigade in 1879, a force which was led by Russian officers and served as a vehicle for Russian influence in Iran. Fereydoun Mirza, (b. The city had been part of Persia in Safavid times, but Herat had been under the non-Persian rule since the mid18th century. [51][52] This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two; the Russo-Persian War of 18261828. On his return to Tehran on April 1, he recommended that all discussion on establishing a republic cease. Arch Iran Med 10.1 (2007): 119-23. punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects, two Russo-Persian Wars of the 19th century, invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja, Austro-Hungarian military mission in Persia, "Genealogy and History of Qajar (Kadjar) Rulers and Heads of the Imperial Kadjar House", IRAN ii. On 16 July 1909, Mohammad Ali Shah was overthrown by rebels seeking to restore the 1906 Constitution. Most serious of all, the hope that the Constitutional Revolution would inaugurate a new era of independence from the great powers ended when, under the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907, Britain and Russia agreed to divide Persia into spheres of influence. This greatly enhanced Re Khans standing and he began to encourage a movement for the transfer of the crown from Amad Shah to himself. Iran took its case to the newly established League of Nations; but that august body proved ineffective. Sepehr, rn dar ang-e bozorg-e 1914-18, Tehran, 1336 ./1957. Amad Shahs position was considerably affected when on 21 February 1921exactly 40 days before the British troops were to begin their evacuation of Irana division of the Persian Cossack brigade under the command of Re Khan marched from Qazvn to Tehran and occupied the capital. " ", "The Russian Military Mission and the Birth of the Persian Cossack Brigade: 18791894", "RUSSIA v. RUSSIANS AT THE COURT OF MOAMMAD-ALI SHAH", "Opinion | The Editorial Notebook; Persia: The Great Game Goes On", "Portraits and Pictures of Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (Kadjar)", "The Military of Qajar Iran: The Features of an Irregular Army from the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century", "The Swedish-led Gendarmerie in Persia 19111916 State Building and Internal Colonization", "SWEDEN ii. The Majles also democratized the electoral system, diminished the electoral dominance of Tehran, and even lowered the voting age from twenty-five to twenty. The rebels then convened the Grand Majles of 500 delegates from different backgrounds, which placed Ahmad Shah, Mohammad Ali's eleven-year-old son, on the Sun Throne. [30] By 1794, Agha Mohammad Khan had eliminated all his rivals, including Lotf Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty. Summarize this article for a 10 years old, Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 21 February 1930) was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.[1]. Ahmad Shah Qajar - Wikipedia During the coup, Reza Khan used three thousand men and only eighteen machine guns, a very bloodless coup that moved forward quickly. Exile. On 31 October 1925, the Majlis approved a bill deposing the Qajars and entrusting the provisional government to Re Khan. [45] The next two years were a time of muddle and confusion, and the weakened and devastated Georgian kingdom, with its capital half in ruins, was easily absorbed by Russia in 1801. The weakness of the government in the face of such aggression by an atheist foreign power sparked seething anger among many traditional Persians including the young Ruhollah Khomeini, who would later condemn both Communism and monarchy as treason against Persia's sovereignty and the laws of Islam. AMAD SHAH QJR - Encyclopaedia Iranica When Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar was assassinated by Mirza Reza Kermani in 1896,[83] the crown passed to his son Mozaffar-e-din. or smaller. Genealogy profile for Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shahanshah Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shahanshah (1898 - 1930) - Genealogy Genealogy for Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shahanshah (1898 - 1930) family tree on Geni, with over 240 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. [17], On 12 September 1801, four years after Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's death, the Russians capitalized on the moment, and annexed Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia). , 2000. With the Romanovs shifting to a policy of 'informal support' for the weakened Qajar dynasty continuing to place pressure with advances in the largely nomadic Turkestan, a crucial frontier territory of the Qajars this Russian domination of Persia continued for nearly a century. Uncles, aunts, cousins, had unhampered access to Amad Shah. Following the disintegration of the afavid empire in 1722, Qjr tribal chieftains became prominent in Iranian affairs. akm-al-molk and Mostawf succeeded in removing many harmful influences from Amad Shahs immediate entourage. Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16. und 17. Meanwhile, by 1881, Russia had completed its conquest of present-day Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, bringing Russia's frontier to Persia's northeastern borders and severing historic Persian ties to the cities of Bukhara, Merv and Samarqand. [clarification needed] Furthermore, under the Anglo-Persian Agreement, Persia received only a small fraction of the income generated by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. Malika-i-Jahan was born on May 14 1877, in Tehran, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. The shah appointed Re Khan commander-in-chief of the armed forces with the title Sardr-e Sepah. E. Lesueur, Les Anglais en Perse, Paris, 1921. They threw themselves into the anti-republican campaign and incited the people to invade Bahrestn Square, where the Majlis was on the point of debating the proposed constitutional changes.