; Woolcock, P.R. Gardinali, N.R. Clinical course and duration of viremia in vertically transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in babies born to HEV-infected mothers. Chickens are not vulnerable to human or swine HEV, and the detected symptoms of HEV-positive chickens do not match with the clinical development seen in humans. Lagomorphs differ from rodents in both dentition and jaw structure. ; Burney, M.I. In contrast, lagomorphs are another group of mammals that have two pairs of ever-growing rootless incisor teeth.
rodents and lagomorphs Beniwal, M.; Kumar, A.; Kar, P.; Jilani, N.; Sharma, J.B. ; Kevorkian, Y.B. Thus, they proposed that xenograft recipients would be on the probable risk list from HEV-infected pig livers or cells [, In 2003, pregnant gilts, their fetuses, and their offspring were studied to dissect the effect of swine HEV. Rayis, D.A. What You Need To Know! ; Govindarajan, S.; Herbert, R.; St Claire, M.; Elkins, W.R.; Cook, A.; Shaver, C.; Beauregard, M.; Swerczek, J.; et al. Rabbits are also social creatures that enjoy the company of humans or other animals. Mor, G.; Koga, K. Macrophages and pregnancy.
Rabbits Aren't Rodents! - My Animals In addition, rabbits have huge ears, which are their main form of thermoregulation.
Are Rabbits Rodents ; Gorbalenya, A.E. Another difference is that rodents are omnivores and, therefore, eat everything. Experimental hepatitis E in pregnant rhesus monkeys: Failure to transmit hepatitis E virus (HEV) to offspring and evidence of naturally acquired antibodies to HE.V. The infectivity of the orally administered virus was minimal, with only two rabbits displaying fecal shedding and seroconversion [, Interestingly, around 2014, Han et al. In 2018, Gouilly et al. Arez, F.; Rodrigues, A.F. The evolution of the placenta. Furthermore, tissues that were demonstrated as positive for viral RNA (positive stranded) were also tested for negative strand viral RNA using negative strand-specific RT-PCR, which gave positive results. Egg whites from eggs of chickens infected experimentally with avian hepatitis E virus contain infectious virus, but evidence of complete vertical transmission is lacking.
What is the difference between rodents and lagomorphs? Look at those feet! Cynomolgus monkeys are successfully and persistently infected with hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3) after long-term immunosuppressive therapy. In addition to the difficulties working with HEV, pregnancy is a very complicated biological process with an elaborate interplay between many different host systems, including hormones, cardiovascular, kidneys, respiratory, gastrointestinal, epithelial, liver, metabolic, immune, and others. However, there was no seroconversion to anti-HEV antibodies in the two rabbits. Lagomorphs are all herbivores. Rabbits have four incisor teeth, while rodents only have two. Animal Models for Studying Congenital Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus.
Are Rabbits Rodents? The Differences Between The Two - Just Zhang, Y.; Gong, W.; Song, W.T. Rabbits and other lagomorphs have a so-called clef lip: the upper lip is divided in two. In. ; Moskal, T.; Purcell, R.H. Infectivity titration of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus in cynomolgus monkeys. Except for the negative control, all other groups were either inoculated with rabbit HEV gt3 (CHN-BJ-R14), swine HEV gt4 (CHN-SD-SW2), or human HEV gt3 (CHN-SH-W). A historical lack of ability to efficiently propagate the virus in tissue culture models has led to many molecular aspects of the viral lifecycle being understudied. This finding provided confirmatory evidence of HEV replication in the placental tissue. Furukawa, S.; Kuroda, Y.; Sugiyama, A. Rabbits are different from rodents in several ways. Khuroo, M.S. What is the difference between mammals and rodents? Ding, Q.; Heller, B.; Capuccino, J.M. This review describes many of the current HEV animal model systems and the strengths and weaknesses of each as they apply to HEV pregnancy-associated mortality. ; Krawczynski, K.; Nordenfelt, E. Acute sporadic viral hepatitis in Ethiopia: Causes, risk factors, and effects on pregnancy. Zhao, C.; Ma, Z.; Harrison, T.J.; Feng, R.; Zhang, C.; Qiao, Z.; Fan, J.; Ma, H.; Li, M.; Song, A.; et al. Hatched chicks necropsied at 23 days of age were reported as avian HEV positive for bile and liver samples. Pet Keen is reader-supported. At 49 dpi, two of four ovary samples in the HEV-infected groups demonstrated both positive-stranded and negative-stranded HEV RNA. Uncovered forums do not intend to provide veterinary advice. Until the 20th century, people considered rabbits to be rodents and not lagomorphs. Hormonal factors throughout pregnancy have been suggested to play a significant role in HEV mortality [, In the 1980s, non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) was identified to be HEV [, HEV has recently undergone classification updates and continues to evolve with the discovery of new HEV strains. Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 43210, USA. Replication of hepatitis E virus in the ovary and promotion of oocyte apoptosis in rabbits infected with HEV-4. They demonstrated that the imbalance of the Th1/Th2 immune condition in HEV-infected mice could be related to the elevated frequency of miscarriage. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). ; Groner, B. Hormonal response region in the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat can be dissociated from the proviral promoter and has enhancer properties. You are accessing a machine-readable page. This phase is similar to wound healing, primarily due to embryo implantation, invasion, and the vascularization of trophoblast cells into the maternal endometrium [, The second immunological stage of pregnancy is marked by the speedy growth of the fetus. Lagomorphs have 4 incisors in the upper jaw while rodents have 2. Outbreak of hepatitis E in a low income urban community in Bangladesh. Ma, H.; Zheng, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, C.; Harrison, T.J.; Ma, Y.; Sun, S.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y. The divergence between rodents and lagomorphs is placed just at the K-T boundary and the first splits among placentals in the Late Cretaceous. The key difference between rodents and lagomorphs is that rodents have a double-layered, pigmented layer of enamel which cover only the front part of incisors ; Chobe, L.P. Although six rabbits were infected with HEV, viremia was observed only in two rabbits, and increases in ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were roughly two-fold higher than the baseline level that was detected in only one rabbit. Webrodents What is the largest order of mammals? An increase in ALT and AST was seen in three out of four of the remaining rabbits without miscarriage. ; Khudyakov, Y.E. Omissions? Han, J.; Lei, Y.; Liu, L.; Liu, P.; Xia, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zeng, H.; Wang, L.; Wang, L.; Zhuang, H. SPF rabbits infected with rabbit hepatitis E virus isolate experimentally showing the chronicity of hepatitis. Meng, X.J. Rodent tooth morphology - Rodents only have enamel on front side of teeth = allows the dentin to be worn away and therefore sharpened - Can close mouth behind incisors = shovel dirt w/o getting in mouth **enamel on one side and ever growing In summary, alterations in the Th1:Th2 cell ratio throughout pregnancy can be seen with a significant tilt in the direction of Th2 cells. **What are the shared features and differences between the two orders of rodentia and Lagomorpha? Yang, C.; Hao, X.; Li, Y.; Long, F.; He, Q.; Huang, F.; Yu, W. Successful Establishment of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Pregnant BALB/c Mice. This research received no external funding. - Uncovered. For more information, please refer to While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. ; Halbur, P.G.
Meet Brer Rabbit and Sister Hare Six SPF Japanese white rabbits (R1R6) were injected IV with 10, Hence, Wang et al. When to Separate a Kitten from Its Mother, Invasive Rats and Their Influence on Reef Fish, The Giant Golden-Crowned Flying Fox, the World's Largest Pollinator. ; Baca, Q.; McNeil, L.; Okada, R.; et al. ; Ellis, T.M. Animal models of human placentationA review. Montpellier, C.; Wychowski, C.; Sayed, I.M. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. A comparison of the histological structure of the placenta in experimental animals. ; Vilhena, L.S. In contrast, the smaller pikas have shorter, rounded ears, no external tail, and less-well-developed hind limbs associated with scampering locomotion. In the US, reports suggest that 71% of chicken flocks and 30% of individuals are infected by avian HEV [. Overall, while rabbits can make good pets for the right person, they are not suitable for everyone and should be approached with care and consideration. All rights reserved. No simple answer exists as to how HEV enhances mortality in pregnant populations. Lagomorphs proverbially are known for their high rates of reproduction, and many species produce many large litters per year. van de Garde, M.D. To keep these teeth from growing into their brains, rodents grind their teeth against each other. This layout of teeth makes it easy for animals like the mouse to gnaw on food and objects. ; Komas, N.P. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Hepatitis E virus: Can it be transmitted parenterally? Xing, L.; Wang, J.C.; Li, T.C. Control of corpus luteum function in the pregnant rabbit: Role of estrogen and lack of a direct luteotropic role of the placenta. Fecal HEV RNA was detected from the primary defecation of all newborn rabbits born from infected mothers. Spatial configuration of hepatitis E virus antigenic domain. Contrary to popular belief, rabbits are not rodents. ; Hoke, C.H., Jr.; LeDuc, J.W. ; Leung, V.; Nazli, A.; Zahoor, M.A. Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrations and obvious portal fibrosis seen during histopathology were the indicators of chronic HEV infection in rabbits. ; Nicand, E.; Guerin, P.J. Lee, G.H. In addition, they have a large digestive system, like that of horses. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 618. Dekel, N.; Gnainsky, Y.; Granot, I.; Racicot, K.; Mor, G. The role of inflammation for a successful implantation. Nelson, K.E. Which two familys represent over half of all rodent species? They demonstrated that all HEV-infected rabbits (6/6) of group 1 remained non-pregnant, but 9/12 rabbits of group 2 became pregnant. ; Holmberg, S.D. The only living families in the lagomorph order are rabbits and hares, and pikas. In addition, they could not see any notable microscopic lesions in any of the piglets or fetuses [, At 12 dpi, the necropsy of inoculated gilts (, In 2005, Huang et al. ; Lau, S.K.P. Evolutionary history and population dynamics of hepatitis E virus. ; Kasorndorkbua, C.; Halbur, P.G. Because rabbits and rodents have similar gnawing teeth, the 18th-century taxonomist Linnaeus classified lagomorphs rabbits and hares as a family within the order Rodentia.
Lagomorpha Goumba, C.M. https://www.britannica.com/animal/lagomorph. Absence of MHC class II antigen expression in trophoblast cells results from a lack of class II transactivator (CIITA) gene expression. Moreover, when the human strain (gt1, sar55) was used in mice, RNA levels were reported to be 10, In 2019, Yang et al. ; Ismael, A.; Ghaliony, M.A. Microbial populations have been described in herbivores, omnivores and carnivores and in all zoological classes including insects, fish, reptiles, birds, rodents, lagomorphs, pigs, horses, elephants, marsupials, sheep, goats, cattle, camels, antelopes, monkeys and humans, and even dinosaurs. All lagomorphs are herbivores, which has shaped features of skull and dentition. A fatal case of acute hepatitis E among pregnant women, Central African Republic. **What can naked mole rats tell us about aging? Yadav, K.K. This is the only difference, so while rabbits are very similar to rodents, they are not rodents. El-Mokhtar, M.A. However, they showed that avian HEV could successfully propagate into 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs when inoculated IV with 100 GE of avian HEV. Most species of rodents have hairless limbs and tails, which is different from lagomorphs. ; non-B hepatitis virus aetiology.
performed a comparative pathogenesis study of infected pigs with HEV recovered from a pig and a human from the above groups. Whilst both have https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030618, Yadav, Kush Kumar, and Scott P. Kenney.
Molecular and Paleontological Evidence for a Post-Cretaceous Lagomorph | mammal | Britannica PrabhuDas, M.; Bonney, E.; Caron, K.; Dey, S.; Erlebacher, A.; Fazleabas, A.; Fisher, S.; Golos, T.; Matzuk, M.; McCune, J.M. Avian reproductive anatomy, physiology and endocrinology. Tanggis Kobayashi, T.; Takahashi, M.; Jirintai, S.; Nishizawa, T.; Nagashima, S.; Nishiyama, T.; Kunita, S.; Hayama, E.; Tanaka, T.; Mulyanto Okamoto, H. An analysis of two open reading frames (ORF3 and ORF4) of rat hepatitis E virus genome using its infectious cDNA clones with mutations in ORF3 or ORF4.
What is the Difference Between Rodents and Lagomorphs Nair, V.P. Tsarev, S.A.; Tsareva, T.S. ; Emerson, S.U. If you are a rabbit owner, its important to know what makes rabbits different from other animals commonly kept as pets, so you can provide them with the best possible care. Web- in mole rats there is a high level of telomerase activity throughout their entire lives. It is now recognized that these two orders have long separate evolutionary histories. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Human pregnancy is a complex biological process that includes the interplay of several host organ systems resulting in the development of a fertilized egg into a fully formed baby, which is delivered via live birth over the course of approximately 266 days. ; Bottino, F.O. ; Renou, C. Zoonotic hepatitis E: Animal reservoirs and emerging risks. ; Poleschuk, V.F. The molar heat of vaporization of ammonia is 23.3 kJ/mol. Shrews, moles and hedgehogs are also not rodents; they are classified in the Mammal order Eulipotyphla.). Tsarev, S.A.; Tsareva, T.S. In contrast, most molecular studies place the origin and initial diversification of crown-Rodentia deep in the ; Jumaa, A.M.; Gasim, G.I. February 2, 2022. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: Understanding the pathogenesis. Purdy, M.A. ; Lim, S.G.; Dan, Y.Y. ; Lee, S.W. Although multiple studies have been conducted using NHPs, the disadvantage of not being the natural host of HEV, along with limited clinical presentations of the disease, makes it an unsuitable model for studying human HEV infection (, The chorioallantoic placenta of the mouse is discoid in shape and hemotrichorial in type [, In 2017, Sayed et al. 8 Potential Methods, How Many Horses Are There? Their results indicate that the rate of infertility was considerably higher in the HEV-infected rabbits (100%, 6/6) than in non-infected rabbits (25%, 3/12). Systematic pathogenesis and replication of avian hepatitis E virus in specific-pathogen-free adult chickens.
Lagomorpha - Wikipedia The major drawback of the pig model regarding pregnancy is the lack of susceptibility to human gt1 and gt2, which is associated with pregnancy mortality in humans. How was law and order maintained in Anglo-Saxon England? Dekel, N.; Gnainsky, Y.; Granot, I.; Mor, G. Inflammation and implantation. Molecular datings based on these three genes suggest that the rodent radiation took place at the transition between Paleocene and Eocene. They superficially resemble rodents and in older classifications were even included in the order Rodentia, as both possess a set of continuously growing incisor teeth. We consider factors that are critical to analyzing HEV infection within the host and how, despite no perfect animal model for human pregnancy mortality existing, recent developments in HEV models, both in vitro and in vivo, are advancing our overall understanding of HEV in the pregnant host. Of course, its lack of fat means you need to take caution when you prepare it. Some of the greatest discoveries regarding HEV have come from using animal models for which naturally occurring strains of HEV have been identified, including pigs and chickens, but key limitations have made animal models imperfect for studying all aspects of human HEV infections. Rodents and lagomorphs are mammals. Anti-HEV IgG was detected in all the infants, and HEV RNA was detected in five. What is the molar heat of condensation of ammonia? ; Pepe, G.J. Immunology of the maternal-fetal interface. ; Meng, X.J. As nouns the difference between mammal and rodent is that mammal is an animal of the class mammalia, characterized by being warm-blooded, having hair and feeding milk to its young while rodent is (senseid)a mammal of the order rodentia, characterized by long incisors that grow continuously and are worn down by gnawing. Yadav, K.K. ; da Silva, A.C.; Pinto, D.P. The transfection of human liver huh7 cells by capped RNA transcripts followed by the production of ORF2 capsid and ORF3 proteins suggested the replication competence of the infectious cDNA clone. The European hare is the largest HEV RNA was not detected in the lung, kidney, and heart tissues of any of the rabbits, either infected or not infected. Kasorndorkbua, C.; Thacker, B.J. Origin, antigenicity, and function of a secreted form of ORF2 in hepatitis E virus infection. Despite their small size, body shape, and round ears, pikas are not rodents but the smallest representatives of the lagomorphs, a group otherwise represented only by hares and rabbits (family Leporidae). In addition, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis was observed in 15 of 18, 16 of 19, and 9 of 17 pigs from groups 1 to 3, respectively.
Naidu, S.S.; Viswanathan, R. Infectious hepatitis in pregnancy during Delhi epidemic. ; Song, B.; Nimgaonkar, I.; Hrebikova, G.; Contreras, J.E. As the trimester continues, the external layer of the embryo merges with the endometrium, and the placenta is formed. ; Theaker, J.; Wittenborn, J.S. Both groups of animals are small in size, have big eyes, and are mainly herbivorous. Updates? ; Liu, L. The emergence of genotypes 3 and 4 hepatitis E virus in swine and humans: A phylogenetic perspective. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. ; Xu, L.; Xia, Y.; Cong, C.; Zhang, Y.; Qian, Z.; Li, T.; Wei, D.; et al. Michelle Provost-Craig, Susan J. Additionally, it was interesting to know that pigs developed comparatively more severe and persistent lesions when injected with the US-2 strain of human HEV than swine HEV based on microscopic evaluations. Bouwknegt, M.; Rutjes, S.A.; Reusken, C.B. Debing, Y.; Moradpour, D.; Neyts, J.; Gouttenoire, J. Update on hepatitis E virology: Implications for clinical practice. ; Han, S.H. The most distinguishing characteristic is their teeth. ; Elvinger, F.; Guenette, D.K. An immune clock of human pregnancy. The pig is valuable for the study of different aspects of zoonotically transmitted HEV replication, pathogenesis, and cross-species infection. The first fossil record of mammals with lagomorph-like characters is from the Paleocene Epoch (65 to 54.8 million years ago), a time during which many mammalian orders diversified. However, lagomorph milk is among the richest of that of all mammals, and the young grow rapidly and are generally weaned in about a month. How these initial immunological modulations translate into increased mortality risks of patients infected with HEV during the second and third trimesters is not yet clear-cut with the existing data. Purdy, M.A. They proposed a pregnant mouse model to study the clinical consequences of HEV infection. Additionally, rabbits are susceptible to a number of health problems, such as dental and gastrointestinal issues, so it is important to work with your veterinarian to ensure that your rabbit stays healthy. The, Role of Placental, Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation. All lagomorphs (meaning hare-shaped) are small to medium-sized terrestrial herbivores. generated capped RNA transcripts of full-length cDNA clones of pig HEV which they revealed to be replication competent when transfected into human hepatoma 7 (Huh7) cells and infectious after intrahepatic injection into pigs. Wang, L.; Wang, L. Animal Models for Hepatitis E virus. They revealed that two pigs from each group had no indication of liver enzyme elevation or clinical disease. They found that two/six pregnant rabbits had a miscarriage while three of the remaining four HEV-infected pregnant rabbits died. During early, middle, and late pregnancy, HEV RNA (both positive and negative strands) could be seen in HEV-injected mothers. ; et al. Arankalle, V.A. While there are many differences between rabbits and rodents, there are also some similarities. Chirohepevirus from Bats: Insights into Hepatitis E Virus Diversity and Evolution. conducted a study with the inocula of 10, In addition, extra-hepatic replication has been mentioned in rHEV-infected rabbits. Cheng, X.; Wang, S.; Dai, X.; Shi, C.; Wen, Y.; Zhu, M.; Zhan, S.; Meng, J. Rabbits, hares, and pikas are distinct from rodents in various respects, for example they have four incisor teeth (rather than two) and they are almost completely herbivorous (whereas many rodents also eat meat). ; Polywka, S. Human liver chimeric mice as a new model of chronic hepatitis E virus infection and preclinical drug evaluation. they have 2 specifically designed upper and lower incisor teeth What is unique about rodent teeth? Halbur, P.G. The mothers liver is responsible for the removal of waste chemicals from the fetus, such as bilirubin. The intravenous (IV) inoculation of these SPF rabbits with several strains of rHEV (GenBank No. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. No, rabbits are not rodents. ; Cossaboom, C.M. Between five and six gilts (four injected and one or two controls) were euthanized on three separate days as follows: 91 d of gestation 12 dpi, or from 17 to 19 d after farrowing (55 dpi; 2 controls and 4 inoculated). Teo, C.G. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. The contents of My Animals are written for informational purposes. Chauhan, A.; Webb, G.; Ferguson, J. Prevalence and genetic features of rabbit hepatitis E virus in Korea. reproduced the findings of the Ma et al. Legrand-Abravanel, F.; Kamar, N.; Sandres-Saune, K.; Garrouste, C.; Dubois, M.; Mansuy, J.M. Animal Models for Studying Congenital Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. They are relatively low-maintenance animals that require plenty of exercise and a diet of fresh vegetables and hay. Taneja, V. Sex hormones determine immune response.
Are rabbits rodents? Lets remove the confusion. Teo, C.G. The mammalian fetal membranes.
Origin of Rodents and Lagomorphs ; Lu, F.M. Unlike rodents they have two rows of upper incisors and the upper maxillary arcades lie further The history of rabbits in Australia is a deadly example of the havoc invasive species can wreak on ecosystems. In the beginning, Glires were neither true rodents nor lagomorphs; we call them basal or stem taxa. ; Lopez-Tello, J.; Sferruzzi-Perri, A.N. Payne, C.J. Similarly, no reproductive parameters differed between inoculated and control gilts. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Human reproductive physiology is much more complicated and nuanced than the simple summation of cellular or isolated tissue effects. Learn more. One characteristic that rabbits and other lagomorphs have is that their legs are covered in fur. Takaki, H.; Oshiumi, H.; Shingai, M.; Matsumoto, M.; Seya, T. Development of mouse models for analysis of human virus infections. [] there are some key ways in which rabbits are different from rodents. In addition, they mentioned that the control groups were negative for anti-HEV antibodies and fecal HEV RNA and had normal ALT and AST levels. Genetic identification and characterization of a novel virus related to human hepatitis E virus from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United, States. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. While the tissue host tropism of HEV can be identified and innate immune responses characterized cells in a dish, these were unable to provide a complete picture of the human bodys response to HEV infection. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. These are about the size of their ; Braginsky, D.M. In the case of any doubt, it's best to consult a trusted specialist. My name is Jessie Bryne and I am a Bunny lover. Billam, P.; Huang, F.F. Albrecht, E.D. HEV, in general, has been a difficult pathogen to understand in the laboratory setting. Yadav, K.K. ; Othman, E.R. Species of rodents include: Although rabbits share a lot of characteristics with various members of the Rodentia class, they are not rodents. ; Wee, A.; Aw, P.P. The course of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs after contact-infection and intravenous inoculation. The prevalence of Th2-type cytokines establishes an anti-inflammatory state so that maternalfetal interface harmony can be maintained [, In the last stage, which occurs very late in the third trimester, fetal development finishes, and the babys birth is attained through a restored state of inflammation that is backed by Th1-type cytokines and immune cell invasion into the myometrium [. Rabbit life cycle: How Long Do Rabbits Live As Pets. To investigate if the fetus experienced HEV infection, fetal livers from mothers diseased with HEV at early (fetus = 35), middle (fetus = 3) or late (fetus = 61) pregnancy periods were evaluated for HEV viral RNA (positive and negative strands) infection. ; Haynes, J.S. Yang, W.; Chen, S.; Mickael, H.K. Spencer, T.E. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Williams, T.P. Xia, J.; Liu, L.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zeng, H.; Liu, P.; Zou, Q.; Wang, L.; Zhuang, H. Experimental infection of pregnant rabbits with hepatitis E virus demonstrating high mortality and vertical transmission. They are part of the Lagomorph family, and they differ from rodent species by their dental anatomy. "Animal Models for Studying Congenital Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus" Microorganisms 11, no.