tropical forest restoration pros and cons

Effects of Complexes and pH Buffer Solution in Electrokinetic Oxidation Treatment on Sediments Chromium Removal. Arrivabene, H.P. It can rain more than 100 inches Miyawaki invented this process, and whatever I understood of the methodology I wrote it as a standard operating procedure, so it could be replicated, says Sharma. government site. Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. 15 (1 August 2016), pp. Part II: Durability of materials. In situ electrokinetic (EK) remediation of the total and plant available cadmium (Cd) in paddy agricultural soil using low voltage gradients at pilot and full scales. We groom talented players with the right technical, tactical and mental skills to enable them to compete as professional players at the highest level in football anywhere. The Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology has proven effective for countries in planning their restoration actions. Review of remediation technologies for sediments contaminated by heavy metals. WebRuston, LA: Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee: 2. Furthermore, the environmental impact of these technologies should also be continuously monitored and analyzed. WebIf you manage development funds, consider that tropical forest restoration can benefit people, reduce biodiversity loss, and reduce climate risk at the same time. Vareda, J.P.; Valente, J.M.A. Lumia, L.; Giustra, M.G. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sharma volunteered to help place over 32,000 native trees and plants like neem, mango, and teak into the otherwise industrial landscape. The average removal rates were 85%, 73%, 56% and 35% for CA, malic acid, tartaric acid and oxalic acid, respectively. A lock ( Electronic versions of publications may be downloaded, printed, and distributed. Leaching concentrations were all lower than the Chinese standard method (GB5085.3-2007). Thomas, G.; Isabelle, C.; Frederic, H.; Catherine, P.; Marie-Anne, B. Bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediment by indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in an air-lift bioreactor: Effects of sulfur concentration. WebAnswer (1 of 2): Tropical forests pretty much provide no advantage to your nation. The tropical rainforest of Congo Basin is bordered by savannahs and deforested areas due to logging and land clearing activities (Bucini & Lambin, 2002) that heighten the risk of Obua J., Chapman C. A. Yoo, J.C.; Lee, C.D. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). ; Ren, C.A. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of manganese and ammonia nitrogen from electrolytic manganese residue using pulsed electric field in different enhancement agents. By allowing some trees, not old growth, to be harvested and used in products we depend on everyday, we can create jobs, revive rural communities and help fund the very process of returning our forests to health and grandeur. Effects of epoxy resin on ground-granulated blast furnace slag stabilized marine sediments. An official website of the United States government. However, the new resourced approaches put forward higher requirements for sediment moisture content and geotechnical properties. Toxicol. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. Martinis, E.M.; Berton, P.; Monasterio, R.P. ; Prica, M.D. Date: Friday, 5 Aug 2022, 11 am- 2pm EDT, 3-6pm GMT. ; Luxton, T.; Bronstein, K.E. 3: 207. A microencapsulation process of liquid mercury by sulfur polymer stabilization/solidification technology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. Gougar, M.L.D. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive ; Xiao, S.T. What we need to get at is sustainable, long-term solutions that value keeping tropical forests standing, presses Houlihan. ; Karim AT, A.; Chan, C.M. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); JSTOR Daily provides context for current events using scholarship found in JSTOR, a digital library of academic journals, books, and other material. Sponsored by: The International Society of Tropical Foresters, The International Forestry Working Group of the Society of American Foresters, and Terraformation, AFRICAN UNION DEVELOPMENT AGENCY-NEPAD Secure .gov websites use HTTPS 1. Sample handling strategies for the determination of persistent trace organic contaminants from biota samples. Gololobova, A.; Legostaeva, Y.; Popov, V.; Makarov, V.; Shadrinova, O. Geochemical Characteristics of Soils to the Impact of Diamond Mining in Siberia (Russia). The goal of this symposium is to present some of https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030207, Xu Q, Wu B. ; Oliveira, M.A.L. Gurung, B.; Race, M.; Fabbricino, M.; Kominkova, D.; Libralato, G.; Siciliano, A.; Guida, M. Assessment of metal pollution in the Lambro Creek (Italy). Yang, Y.C. ; Seo, Y.R. ; Kazi, T.G. Every molecule of CO2 traps heat in Earths atmosphere, regardless of whether the CO2 comes from the tailpipe of a car, the smokestack of a coal-fired power plant, or the burning of a tropical tree. Scientists think that planting trees could reverse climate change, but planting trees isn't as simple as it sounds. ; Garrido, M.; Domini, C.E. Using an algorithm similar to Toyotas assembly line that produces several different types of cars, each with its own requirements, he derived his own formula to make a multi-layered forest with plantings that also have different time, space, and other needs. Zirker, L.; Thiesen, T.; Tyson, D.; Beitel, G. Macroencapsulation of lead and steel SWARF. The law seeks to accomplish this by allowing timber harvests on ; Vandecasteele, B. Phytoremediation as a management option for contaminated sediments in tidal marshes, flood control areas and dredged sediment landfill sites. Zhou, Q.; Milestone, N.B. Yan, T.A. Kiani, M.; Raave, H.; Simojoki, A.; Tammeorg, O.; Tammeorg, P. Recycling lake sediment to agriculture: Effects on plant growth, nutrient availability, and leaching. ; Casale, R.; Todaro, F.; Notarnicola, M.; Teodosiu, C. A life cycle assessment study on the stabilization/solidification treatment processes for contaminated marine sediments. Fire suppression and restrictions on forest management have created forests that are 20 times denser than normal, more in some places. Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. Conner, J.R.; Hoeffner, S.L. 2. Fortunately the U.S. Senate, in a bipartisan effort led by our own Sen. Dianne Feinstein, took action this week, voting 97-1 to support an amended version of the president's Healthy Forests Initiative. Reduced impact logging (RIL) is the intensively planned and carefully controlled implementation of timber harvesting operations to minimize environmental impacts on forest stands and soils. Some of these areas have gone back to being forests, but a large amount of these degraded forests located in tropical and subtropical regions are suitable targets for ; Lista, A.G.; lvarez, M.B. 2014 Mar 4;9(3):e90573. 80%, 87%, 64% and 48% of Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr were removed by 0.8% rhamnolipid after 12 h at pH 7.0. https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/52652, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science, Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center. Tropical Conservation Science 4: 287299. ; Domini, C.E. Arain, M.B. The best Hg-removal (~71% in 400 h) was achieved. A.gov website belongs to an official government Recognizing the essentialness of forests, the UNs International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the German government issued the Bonn Challengejust as Sharma was getting Afforestt up and running. The initiative wisely aims to restore entire forests so we can fulfill our obligation to ensure that our children have the same opportunities to enjoy forests, wildlife and wilderness areas that we have had. Chemosphere Environ. Barjoveanu, G.; Gisi, S.D. Pawlowski, L. Sustainability and Global Role of Heavy Metals. 24.09.2021 . Jiang, H.; Liu, G.; Shan, H.E. But despite their critical roles in sustaining life and slowing climate change, nearly all are at risk. And from that day on, his fate was sealed. 2023 Jan 2;378(1867):20210077. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0077. It also clears roadblocks that prevent much needed action on the ground, streamlining the appeals process and procedures within federal agencies that manage federal forestlands while encouraging public participation early in project planning. ; Ambushe, A.A. Speciation of chromium in river sediments by graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave-assisted extraction. Anode and cathode achieved up to 73% and 54% removal efficiency of Cr. The treatment of dredged sediment emphasizes the principles of harmless reduction and resource utilization. Right now, fires from California to the Tundra to the Amazon to the Pantanal are costing state and national governments billions of dollars. Improving the microenvironment of Cd-contaminated river sediments through humic substances washing and zeolite immobilization. WebThe Healthy Forests Initiative (HFI), officially the Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003 (Pub. Open-pasture "islands" of equal sizes served as controls. Xu, Q.; Wu, B. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, Q.X. Build 2023.2.22.20 (Production), Terms & Conditions Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb from Sediment, Followed by FAAS and GFAAS Analysis. Ionic liquid mediated extraction, assisted by ultrasound energy, of available/mobilizable metals from sediment samples. 2010), as at least two-thirds of terrestrial organisms are associated with forests and particularly tropical rainforests, due to their uniquely rich biodiversity (FAO and UNEP 2020; Wilson & Peter 1988).Indeed, the fragmentation of Please let us know what you think of our products and services. He watched as the young, frail plants leafed and flowered, quickly growing tall and thick, as a dozen species of birds moved in to the newly lush habitat, as a thermometer registered coolness beneath the treesa difference of some 5 degrees Celsius from the surrounding aireven in Junes blistering heat. (When planting his backyard forest, Sharma accidentally introduced two non-native speciesneither he nor his source knew any better at the timeso he includes detailed instructions to help others avoid this mistake.) ; Peng, T.F. This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain. Reli, D.; orevi, D.; Sakan, S.; Anelkovi, I.; Panteli, A.; Stankovi, R.; Popovi, A. This December, after a two-year delay due to the pandemic, the United Nations Biodiversity Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) convened in Montreal. Hold the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the Peopless Republic of China. Rainforests once covered 14% of the worlds landmass. ; Xu, T.; Wu, Q. Effects of different extractants on heavy metals leaching in contaminated sediment. Our online publications are scanned and captured using Adobe Acrobat. Theres a misconception about rainforests being undervalued, and thats not the case at all their value is recognized but it is over-exploited for short-term gains in totally unsustainable ways. A critical review of stabilization/solidification technology. They also house 80 percent of our terrestrial biodiversity, reduce soil erosion, halt desertification, and lessen the impacts of floods. In 2008, Karachi stuck into the ground 2.2 million non-native Conocarpus trees, a species notorious for contributing to droughts in water-scarce places, which left experts worrying about the potential adverse effects. WebSharing the recording of the 3-hour Symposium on Tropical Restoration and Reforestation: Pros and Cons that I co-hosted with Terraformation, the International Society of Tropical ForestersTerraformation, the International Society of Tropical Foresters Humans have the intelligence and creativity to solve complex challenges and innovate. Along with the Cubans love for music, there is a love for dance as well. 2014 Jul 18;5:345. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00345. Much headway is being made with longleaf pine restoration, for example, using this model. Animals perish and lose critical habitat when fires ravage landscapes. MeSH ; Jalbani, N.; Sarfraz, R.A. Newly exposed post dredging residuals may lead to persistent exposure and risk to biota. Heavy metals are natural components of the Earths crust. Cai, Z.; Doren, J.V. A thoughtful and well-strategized global commitment to preserving rainforests wouldnt only protect the plethora of life within them but the people hit hardest by these climate shifts people in the Global South, in coastal areas, on islands, as well as people in farming and agriculture industries, who feel the disastrous effects of a changing climate first and worst. ; Lin, J.G. WebThe advantages are obvious, especially when application of planting is done in a manner that draws on existing knowledge of seed sources, nursery practice, site preparation, and planting methodology in a manner that resembles reforestation after clearcutting. Rehmat, A.; Lee, A.; Goyal, A.; Mensinger, M.C. The Effects of Portland and Sulphoaluminate Cements Solidification/Stabilization on Semi-Dynamic Leaching of Heavy Metal from Contaminated Sediment. Due to its abundance, persistence, and environmental toxicity, heavy metal pollution has always been one of the hot spots in the world. Norn, A.; Fedje, K.K. About 50 to 100 local plant species from the above four categories are selected and planted as seedlings in a random mix like you would find growing naturally in the wild. Yuan, L.; Liu, D.; Tian, B.; Yuan, X.; Bo, S.; Ma, Q.; Wu, W.; Zhao, Z.; Zhang, L.; Keesing, J. Due to its abundance, persistence, and environmental toxicity, heavy metal pollution has always been one of the hot spots in the world. Wang, H.; Li, T.; Tsang, D.C.W. Yet the costs of projected climate change dont stop there. Although his company offers consultation, training, and the actual building of forests, anyone can email Afforestt and receive access to Sharmas graphs and instructions for planting a forest, start to finish. It may be cut into numerous styles, such as beveled or traditional shingles or shakes. In a year, his backyard had become a self-sustaining mini forest. Sediment is an important part of aquatic systems, which plays a vital role in transporting and storing metals. Congress has now given the American people their best hope for restoring forest health and protecting communities from catastrophic wildfire. Inorganic acids were the most effective ones with the removal efficiency of, CA, malic acid, tartaric acid, and oxalic acid. It is colonialism. These injustices recall the colonialist practices that first stole the land from the local Indigenous people who were, and still are, guardians of the forests and have practiced the best traditional methods for sustainable use and are the most effective stewards of 80% of the planets biodiversity. ; Feng, S. Transformation of heavy metal fraction distribution in contaminated river sediment treated by chemical-enhanced washing. Preventing loss of corals and their habitat. Ean, L.W. ; Viviani, G.; Bella, G.D. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Wang, L.; Chen, L.; Tsang, D.C.W. A short overview of Miyawaki forest tchnique as an approach to cope with climate change and make cities greener. See further details. Safeguard Biodiversity We are currently living in the sixth mass extinction. In. Prisoners Like Us: German POW and Black American Solidarity, Planetary Health: Foundations and Key Concepts, American Immigrant Literature Gets an Update, About the American Prison Newspapers Collection, Submissions: American Prison Newspapers Collection. The goal of this symposium is to present some of the topics and debates connected to tropical restoration and reforestation, to help sharpen our thinking about what works under what conditions, and why. ; Corkhill, C.L. Rakshith, S.; Singh, D.N. All Rights Reserved Design & Developed By:: RINJAcom, For enquary We can help:: +233 (0) 24-611-9999. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. ; visualization, Q.X. Careers. Epub 2022 Nov 14. Deforestation is responsible for an estimated 5 billion tons, or 17 percent, of annual global carbon emissions, not to mention soil erosion and biodiversity loss. Cellular distribution of copper, lead and zinc in the grey mangrove, avicennia marina (forsk) vierh. 230 15th Road, Midrand, 1685, South Africa. Raenovi, D.; Kerkez, D.; Pilipovi, D.T. Lastly, similar seedling densities were censused in the 1 m perimeter surrounding islands, suggesting that islands can expand outward into pasture. Application of hexagonal two dimensional electrokinetic system on the nickel contaminated sediment and modelling the transport behavior of nickel during electrokinetic treatment. ; Arain, M.B. Vinatoru, M.; Mason, T.J.; Calinescu, I. Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) of Functional Compounds from Plant Materials. World-leading rainforest conservation expert and EVP of Biodiversity and Conservation at XPRIZE, Peter Houlihan, believes that if we dont act now to protect our rainforests, we will forever face the consequences. ; Carletti, P.; Dobbss, L.B. On the other hand, the decrease in soil loss was lower for riparian restoration, with a 16% decrease, while the steepest slopes restoration reduced it by 21%. Trends and Sources of Heavy Metal Pollution in Global River and Lake Sediments from 1970 to 2018. Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. Forests cool the air and generate oxygen, plus they clean our waters and regulate precipitation and wind. However, there are a number of issues associated with the use of planting that raise questions on public and private lands, including cost, quality of genetic stock, and the speed with which restored habitat can be obtained. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Specifically, XPRIZE Rainforest is challenging the worlds innovators to co-design and co-create new technologies to rapidly and autonomously catalog diverse forms of life within rainforests. As carbon sinks, rainforests slow climate change by removing carbon from the atmosphere and storing it in their trees. Peng, J.F. Zheng, M.Y. All Rights Reserved. Monocultures of trees can also cause harm. ; Morrison, L. Dredged marine sediments stabilized/solidified with cement and GGBS: Factors affecting mechanical behaviour and leachability. Teuscher M, Grard A, Brose U, Buchori D, Clough Y, Ehbrecht M, Hlscher D, Irawan B, Sundawati L, Wollni M, Kreft H. Front Plant Sci. ; Guo, J. Chen, W.; Yan, Q.; Xu, Z.; He, F.; Li, Y. Zhou, Z.; Guo, L.; Minor, E.C. WebBusinesses adapting to afforestation are more stable and can have healthy sales throughout the year as compared to those relying on natural forests, which take their sweet time to bear fruit. Distance to forest did not affect seed rain. ; Chen, B.; Shen, Z. (land rotation) contributes to sustainability when it eventually ends in forest restoration after As a young graduate student in the late 1950s, Akira Miyawaki learned about the emergent concept of potential natural vegetation (PNV). Now they cover less than 6%. We need policies that protect our national treasures and conserve forests for future generations. WebThe advantages are obvious, especially when application of planting is done in a manner that draws on existing knowledge of seed sources, nursery practice, site preparation, and planting methodology in a manner that resembles reforestation after clearcutting. ; Dubovina, M.; Crba, N.; Krcmar, D.; Dalmaciia, B. Recent Progress on Ex Situ Remediation Technology and Resource Utilization for Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediment. Consecutive thermal and wet conditioning treatments of sedimentary stabilized cementitious materials from HPSS, Kearney, S.; Yorkshire, A.S.; Geddes, D.A. Asavapisit, S.; Fowler, G.; Cheeseman, C.R. ; Zhu, G.W. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. Tessier, A.P. Mcqueen, A.D.; Suedel, B.C. Lpez-Vizcano, R.; Yustres, A.; Len, M.J.; Saez, C.; Caizares, P.; Rodrigo, M.A. The highest removal efficiency of Zn (39%) was in HPC leached samples and Cu (33%) in EDDS leached samples. Gardner, L.J. 2023 XPRIZE Foundation. Our planet is ringed with breathtaking, richly biodiverse tropical forests from the Congo in Africa to forests throughout equatorial Asian and Pacific nations to the iconic Amazon in South America. Immobilization efficiencies were more than 98% for metals over 100 days. Aliyu, M.K. Pittarelloa, M.; Busato, J.G. ; Sahayam, A.C. Microwave assisted extraction of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from soil/sediment combined with ion exchange separation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry detection. Li, J.S. The remediation of heavy metals contaminated sediment. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Zhang, W.L. They describe the threats to tropical forests and explain four different concepts of "reversing forest degradation": Reforestation (or afforestation), Reclamation, Rehabilitation, and Restoration. It maintains a timeless appeal that most other forms of siding attempt to emulate. ; Becelic-Tomin, M.D. The HCl was verified as the most effective acid solutions, followed by HNO, HS from the peanut straw, sesame straw, corn straw and deciduous leaves. ; project administration, B.W. Yang, Y.; Li, M.; Sun, Y.; Gao, H.; Mao, L.; Zhang, H.; Tao, H.; Chen, M.H. From that manual, a would-be forester learns how to determine soil type using the ribbon test; how to collaborate with a local nursery to find truly native species; how to prepare the planting site; and how to arrange saplings, three to four per square meter, into a grid. ; Choi, Y. Xing, L.; Wen, J.; Yan, C.; Wang, Q.; Xue, Z. Prevents Soil Erosion. ; Wang, Y.A. 1 (Summer 1996), pp. Zhou, S.; Zeng, X.; Zhang, P.; Zeng, G.; Wu, Z.; Li, J. Masi, M.; Marini, A.; Ostuni, M.B. The study took many factors and variables into account. Tropical forest recovery in pastures is slowed by a number of biotic and abiotic factors, including a lack of adequate seed dispersal and harsh microclimatic extremes. 7-12, By: Marysa M. Lagu and Abigail L. S. Swann, Journal of Climate, Vol. This initiative piggybacked onto earlier efforts from various international players to commit countries to saving and creating forests; the goal of the Bonn Challenge now is to restore 350 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 by planting millions of trees. Deforestation contributes to climate change, Calgaro, L.; Badetti, E.; Bonetto, A.; Contessi, S.; Marcomini, A. Additionally, frugivores visited large islands more often, and for longer time periods, than small islands, thereby increasing the likelihood of a dispersal event there. ; Gabor, T.S. ; Mohan, D.; Singh, V.K. Accessibility Here are just 10 reasons why investing in forest protection initiatives is in the nation's best interest: 1. ; Zhou, Y.F. ; Kim, D.H.; Yoo, J.C.; Baek, K. Electrokinetic extraction of heavy metals from dredged marine sediment. The interfacial chemistry of solidification/stabilization of metals in cement and pozzolanic material systems. Guo, X.; Wei, Z.; Penn, C.J. eCollection 2016. van Kuijk M, Anten NP, Oomen RJ, Schieving F. Front Plant Sci. ; Hu, Z.A. ; Llamas, N.E. OPC, industrial by-products (i.e., PFA, ISSA, GGBS, and CCR) and CO, Leaching concentrations of heavy metals were under the universal treatment. OPC is a simple and cost-effective solidifying material but it has some defects of high greenhouse gases emissions, high porosity, and high pollutants leaching levels [. 1. Dr. Many of the Bonn Challenge projects follow the same monoculture approach, which has its pros and cons. The removal efficiencies (CA) ranged from 78 to 82% for Ni, Cu, Zn and Cr. Tian, Y.; Boulang-Lecomte, C.; Benamar, A.; Giusti-Petrucciani, N.; Duflot, A.; Olivier, S.; Frederick, C.; Forget-Leray, J.; Portet-Koltalo, F. Application of a crustacean bioassay to evaluate a multi-contaminated (metal, PAH, PCB) harbor sediment before and after electrokinetic remediation using eco-friendly enhancing agents. 16-23, Restoration & Management Notes, Vol. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. 2. "Recent Progress on Ex Situ Remediation Technology and Resource Utilization for Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediment" Toxics 11, no. In contrast, growing forests has numerous benefits. Optimization of Solidification and Stabilization Efficiency of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediment Based on Response Surface Methodology. Research from Wageningen University in the Netherlands, which found increased fungi, bacteria, pollinators, and amphibians on two tiny planted forest sites in urban Zaanstad that were based on Sharmas models,, lends some scientific credence to this claim. and transmitted securely. Tabak, H.H. Sun, Y.; Zhang, D.; Tao, H.; Yang, Y.; Chen, M.H. Everybody loves salamanders, especially the exotic pet industry. The site is secure. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The maximum content of heavy metals were much lower than the respective contamination limits set by US EPA. The removal efficiency ranged from 11% to 26%. Houlihan has witnessed firsthand how quickly financial factors are being placed over future economic benefits, and critical research concurs. L. 108148 (text)), is a law proposed by President George W. Bush following the forest fires of 2002 which was devastatingly widespread. During the capture process some typographical errors may occur. 14, No. ; data curation, Q.X. An overview of these issues will be presented to stimulate discussion and develop innovative applications of planting methodology especially with respect to regional ecological restoration initiatives with longleaf pine and shortleaf pine. Wang, Z.; Li, B.; Sun, Y.; Yang, W. Leaching remediation of dredged marine sediments contaminated with heavy metals. The U.S. Forest Service has identified 24 million acres of federal land alone that is at the absolute highest risk of catastrophic fire, with a third of that in California, more than any other state. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Seed dispersal limitations shift over time in tropical forest restoration.